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C++ || How To Find The Day Of The Week You Were Born Using C++

February 06, 2021 admin No comments

The following is a program which demonstrates how to find the day of week you were born using C++.

The program demonstrated on this page is an updated version of a previous program of the same type.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Zeller's congruence #include Utils.h A Calendar

1. Overview

This program prompts the user for their name, date of birth (month, day, year), and then displays information back to them via cout. Once the program obtains selected information from the user, it will use simple math to determine the day of the week in which the user was born, and determine the day of the week their current birthday will be for the current calendar year. The program will also display to the user their current age, along with re-displaying their name back to them.

2. When Were You Born?

Note: This program uses functions in a custom .h header file #include “Utils.h”. To obtain the code for that file, click here.





		
		
			When Were You Born?
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Dec 12, 2012
//    Updated: Feb 6, 2021
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  dateOfWeek.cpp
//    Description: Simple program to determine the day of week for a date
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <exception>
#include "Utils.h"

// Function prototypes
std::string getMonthName(int month);
void validate(int value, int lower, int upper, const std::string& desc);

// A const variable containing the current year
const int CURRENT_YEAR = 2021;

int main() {
    try {
        // Declare variables
        std::string userName = "";
        int month = 0;
        int day = 0;
        int year = 0;

        // Get user input
        std::cout << "Please enter your name: ";
        std::getline(std::cin, userName);

        // Get month born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): ";
        std::cin >> month;

        // Validate correct month range
        validate(month, 1, 12, "month");

        // Get day born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): ";
        std::cin >> day;

        // Validate correct birth date range
        validate(day, 1, 31, "birth date");

        // Get year born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the year you were born: ";
        std::cin >> year;

        // Get the month name
        auto monthName = getMonthName(month);

        // Get the week name
        auto weekdayName = Utils::getWeekdayName(day, month, year);

        // display data to user
        std::cout << "\nHello " << userName 
            << ". Here are some facts about you!" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "You were born " 
            << monthName << " " << day << " " << year << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Your birth took place on a " 
            << weekdayName << std::endl;
        std::cout << "This year (" << CURRENT_YEAR 
            << ") your birthday will take place on a "
            << Utils::getWeekdayName(day, month, CURRENT_YEAR) << std::endl;
        std::cout << "You currently are, or will be " << (CURRENT_YEAR - year) 
            << " years old this year!" << std::endl;

    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        std::cout << "\nAn error occurred: " + std::string(e.what()) << std::endl;
    }

    std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}

/**
* FUNCTION: getMonthName 
* USE: Returns the name of the month for the given paremeters 
*   (i.e month #1 = January)
* @param month: The month
* @return: The name of the month for the given parameters
*/
std::string getMonthName(int month) {
    std::string months[] = {"January", "February", "March", "April", "May",
        "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"};
    return months[month - 1];
}

void validate(int value, int lower, int upper, const std::string& desc) {
    if (value < lower || value > upper) {
        throw std::invalid_argument{ "Invalid " + desc + " entered: '" + std::to_string(value) + "'" };
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Dec 12, 2012
//    Updated: Feb 6, 2021
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  dateOfWeek.cpp
//    Description: Simple program to determine the day of week for a date
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <exception>
#include "Utils.h"
 
// Function prototypes
std::string getMonthName(int month);
void validate(int value, int lower, int upper, const std::string& desc);
 
// A const variable containing the current year
const int CURRENT_YEAR = 2021;
 
int main() {
    try {
        // Declare variables
        std::string userName = "";
        int month = 0;
        int day = 0;
        int year = 0;
 
        // Get user input
        std::cout << "Please enter your name: ";
        std::getline(std::cin, userName);
 
        // Get month born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): ";
        std::cin >> month;
 
        // Validate correct month range
        validate(month, 1, 12, "month");
 
        // Get day born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): ";
        std::cin >> day;
 
        // Validate correct birth date range
        validate(day, 1, 31, "birth date");
 
        // Get year born
        std::cout << "\nPlease enter the year you were born: ";
        std::cin >> year;
 
        // Get the month name
        auto monthName = getMonthName(month);
 
        // Get the week name
        auto weekdayName = Utils::getWeekdayName(day, month, year);
 
        // display data to user
        std::cout << "\nHello " << userName 
            << ". Here are some facts about you!" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "You were born " 
            << monthName << " " << day << " " << year << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Your birth took place on a " 
            << weekdayName << std::endl;
        std::cout << "This year (" << CURRENT_YEAR 
            << ") your birthday will take place on a "
            << Utils::getWeekdayName(day, month, CURRENT_YEAR) << std::endl;
        std::cout << "You currently are, or will be " << (CURRENT_YEAR - year) 
            << " years old this year!" << std::endl;
 
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        std::cout << "\nAn error occurred: " + std::string(e.what()) << std::endl;
    }
 
    std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}
 
/**
* FUNCTION: getMonthName 
* USE: Returns the name of the month for the given paremeters 
*   (i.e month #1 = January)
* @param month: The month
* @return: The name of the month for the given parameters
*/
std::string getMonthName(int month) {
    std::string months[] = {"January", "February", "March", "April", "May",
        "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"};
    return months[month - 1];
}
 
void validate(int value, int lower, int upper, const std::string& desc) {
    if (value < lower || value > upper) {
        throw std::invalid_argument{ "Invalid " + desc + " entered: '" + std::to_string(value) + "'" };
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output:
Note: The code was compiled four separate times to display the different outputs its able to produce

Please enter your name: My Programming Notes Please enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): 1 Please enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): 1 Please enter the year you were born: 2012
Hello My Programming Notes. Here are some facts about you! You were born January 1 2012 Your birth took place on a Sunday This year (2021) your birthday will take place on a Friday You currently are, or will be 9 years old this year! --------------------------------------------------------------------- Please enter your name: Jennifer Please enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): 1 Please enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): 27 Please enter the year you were born: 1991 Hello Jennifer. Here are some facts about you! You were born January 27 1991 Your birth took place on a Sunday This year (2021) your birthday will take place on a Wednesday You currently are, or will be 30 years old this year! --------------------------------------------------------------------- Please enter your name: Kenneth Please enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): 7 Please enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): 28 Please enter the year you were born: 1987 Hello Kenneth. Here are some facts about you! You were born July 28 1987 Your birth took place on a Tuesday This year (2021) your birthday will take place on a Wednesday You currently are, or will be 34 years old this year! ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Please enter your name: Name Please enter the month in which you were born (between 1 and 12): 12 Please enter the day you were born (between 1 and 31): 35 An error occurred: Invalid birth date entered: '35'

Java || Modulus – Celsius To Fahrenheit Conversion Displaying Degrees Divisible By 10 Using Modulus

November 20, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of two simple programs which demonstrate the use of the modulus operator (%).

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Modulus Do/While Loop Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They? Simple Math - Divisibility Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

===== FINDING THE DIVISIBILITY OF A NUMBER =====

Take a simple arithmetic problem: what’s left over when you divide an odd number by an even number? The answer may not be easy to compute, but we know that it will most likely result in an answer which has a decimal remainder. How would we determine the divisibility of a number in a programming language like Java? That’s where the modulus operator comes in handy.

To have divisibility means that when you divide the first number by another number, the quotient (answer) is a whole number (i.e – no decimal values). Unlike the division operator, the modulus operator (‘%’), has the ability to give us the remainder of a given mathematical operation that results from performing integer division.

To illustrate this, here is a simple program which prompts the user to enter a number. Once the user enters a number, they are asked to enter in a divisor for the previous number. Using modulus, the program will determine if the second number is divisible by the first number. If the modulus result returns 0, the two numbers are divisible. If the modulus result does not return 0, the two numbers are not divisible. The program will keep re-prompting the user to enter in a correct choice until a correct result is obtained.





		
		
			Is It Divisible?
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;

public class Modulus
{
	// global variable declaration
	static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		// declare & initialize variables
		int numerator = 0;
		int denominator = 0;
		double multiple = 0;
		
		System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n");
		
		// get first number
		System.out.print("Please enter a value: ");
		numerator = cin.nextInt();

		// get second number
		System.out.print("nPlease enter a factor of "+numerator+": ");						

		do{ // loop will keep going until the user enters a correct answer
			
			denominator = cin.nextInt();		

			// this is the modulus declaration, which will find the 
			// remainder between the 2 numbers
			multiple = numerator % denominator;	
			
			// if the modulus result returns 0, the 2 numbers
			// are divisible
			if(multiple == 0)
			{
				System.out.println("nCorrect! "+numerator+" is divisible by "
						+denominator);
				System.out.println("n("+numerator+"/"+denominator+") = " +
						""+(numerator/denominator));
			}
			// if the user entered an incorrect choice, promt an error message
			else
			{
				System.out.print("nIncorrect, "+numerator+" is not divisible by "
					+denominator);
				System.out.print(".nnPlease enter a new multiple integer for "
						+numerator+": ");				
			}
		}while(multiple != 0);
		// ^ loop stops once user enters correct choice						
	}// end of main	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
 
public class Modulus
{
	// global variable declaration
	static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		// declare & initialize variables
		int numerator = 0;
		int denominator = 0;
		double multiple = 0;
		
		System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n");
		
		// get first number
		System.out.print("Please enter a value: ");
		numerator = cin.nextInt();
 
		// get second number
		System.out.print("nPlease enter a factor of "+numerator+": ");						
 
		do{ // loop will keep going until the user enters a correct answer
			
			denominator = cin.nextInt();		
 
			// this is the modulus declaration, which will find the 
			// remainder between the 2 numbers
			multiple = numerator % denominator;	
			
			// if the modulus result returns 0, the 2 numbers
			// are divisible
			if(multiple == 0)
			{
				System.out.println("nCorrect! "+numerator+" is divisible by "
						+denominator);
				System.out.println("n("+numerator+"/"+denominator+") = " +
						""+(numerator/denominator));
			}
			// if the user entered an incorrect choice, promt an error message
			else
			{
				System.out.print("nIncorrect, "+numerator+" is not divisible by "
					+denominator);
				System.out.print(".nnPlease enter a new multiple integer for "
						+numerator+": ");				
			}
		}while(multiple != 0);
		// ^ loop stops once user enters correct choice						
	}// end of main	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

The above program determines if number ‘A’ is divisible be number ‘B’ via modulus. Unlike the division operator, which does not return the remainder of a number, the modulus operator does, thus we are able to find divisibility between two numbers.

To demonstrate the above code, here is a sample run:

Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Please enter a value: 21 Please enter a factor of 21: 5 Incorrect, 21 is not divisible by 5. Please enter a new multiple integer for 21: 7 Correct! 21 is divisible by 7
(21/7) = 3

===== CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT CONVERSION DISPLAYING DEGREES DIVISIBLE BY 10 =====

Now that we understand how modulus works, the second program shouldn’t be too difficult. This function first prompts the user to enter in an initial (low) value. After the program obtains the low value from the user, the program will ask for another (high) value. After it obtains the needed information, it displays all the degrees, from the range of the low number to the high number, which are divisible by 10. So if the user enters a low value of 3 and a high value of 303, the program will display all of the Celsius to Fahrenheit degrees within that range which are divisible by 10.





		
		
			Celsius To Fahrenheit Conversion
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;

public class Temperature
{
	// global variable declaration
	static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		// declare & initialize variables
		int low = 0;
		int high = 0;
		double degreeFahrenhiet = 0;
		double multiple = 0;
		
		System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n");	
		
		// get data from user
		System.out.print("Enter a low number: ");
		low = cin.nextInt();

		System.out.print("nEnter a high number: ");
		high = cin.nextInt();
		
		// displays data back to user in table form
		System.out.print("nCelsius Fahrenheit:n");
		
		// display the initial 'low' converted degrees to the user
		System.out.println(low+"t"+ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low));	
		
		// this loop displays all the degrees that are divisible by 10
		do{ 
			// this increments the current degree number by 1
			++low;
			
			// this converts the current number from celsius to fahrenhiet
			degreeFahrenhiet = ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low);

			// this is the modulus operation which finds the 
			// numbers which are divisible by 10
			multiple = low % 10;		

			// the program will only display the degrees to the user via
			// cout which are divisible by 10
			if(multiple == 0)
			{
				System.out.println(low+"t"+degreeFahrenhiet);
			}			
		}while(low < high);
		// ^ loop stops once the 'low' variable reaches the 'high' variable	
		
		// displays the 'high' converted degrees to the user
		System.out.println(high+"t"+ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(high));		
	}// end of main	
	
	static double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree)
	{
		return ((1.8 * degree) + 32.0);
	}// end of ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
 
public class Temperature
{
	// global variable declaration
	static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		// declare & initialize variables
		int low = 0;
		int high = 0;
		double degreeFahrenhiet = 0;
		double multiple = 0;
		
		System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n");	
		
		// get data from user
		System.out.print("Enter a low number: ");
		low = cin.nextInt();
 
		System.out.print("nEnter a high number: ");
		high = cin.nextInt();
		
		// displays data back to user in table form
		System.out.print("nCelsius Fahrenheit:n");
		
		// display the initial 'low' converted degrees to the user
		System.out.println(low+"t"+ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low));	
		
		// this loop displays all the degrees that are divisible by 10
		do{ 
			// this increments the current degree number by 1
			++low;
			
			// this converts the current number from celsius to fahrenhiet
			degreeFahrenhiet = ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low);
 
			// this is the modulus operation which finds the 
			// numbers which are divisible by 10
			multiple = low % 10;		
 
			// the program will only display the degrees to the user via
			// cout which are divisible by 10
			if(multiple == 0)
			{
				System.out.println(low+"t"+degreeFahrenhiet);
			}			
		}while(low < high);
		// ^ loop stops once the 'low' variable reaches the 'high' variable	
		
		// displays the 'high' converted degrees to the user
		System.out.println(high+"t"+ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(high));		
	}// end of main	
	
	static double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree)
	{
		return ((1.8 * degree) + 32.0);
	}// end of ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Enter a low number: 3 Enter a high number: 303
Celsius Fahrenheit: 3..........37.4 10.........50 20.........68 30.........86 40........104 50........122 60........140 70........158 80........176 90........194 100.......212 110.......230 120.......248 130.......266 140.......284 150.......302 160.......320 170.......338 180.......356 190.......374 200.......392 210.......410 220.......428 230.......446 240.......464 250.......482 260.......500 270.......518 280.......536 290.......554 300.......572 303.......577.4

C++ || Char Array – Palindrome Number Checker Using A Character Array, Strlen, Strcpy, & Strcmp

July 10, 2012 admin No comments

The following is a palindromic number checking program, which demonstrates more use of character array’s, Strlen, & Strcmp.

Want sample code for a palindrome checker which works for numbers and words? Click here.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays How to reverse a character array Palindrome - What is it? Strlen Strcpy Strcmp Isdigit Atoi - Convert a char array to a number Do/While Loops For Loops

This program first asks the user to enter a number that they wish to compare for similarity. If the number which was entered into the system is a palindrome, the program will prompt a message to the user via cout. This program determines similarity by using the strcmp function to compare two arrays together. Using a for loop, this program also demonstrates how to reverse a character array, aswell as demonstrates how to determine if the text contained in a character array is a number or not.

This program will repeatedly prompt the user for input until an “exit code” is obtained. The designated exit code in this program is the number 0 (zero). So the program will not stop asking for user input until the number 0 is entered into the program.





		
		
			Palindrome Number Checker Using A Char Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Jul 10, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Palindrome number checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(char arry[]);
bool IsArryANum(char arry[]);

// constant, which is the exit value 
const char* EXIT_VALUE = "0";

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char arry[80];
    char arryReversed[80];
    
    do{// get data from user using do/while loop
        cout<<"\nEnter a positive integer, or ("<<EXIT_VALUE<<") to exit: ";
        
        cin >> arry;
        
        if(atoi(arry) < 0) // check for negative numbers
        {
            cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" must be greater than zero\n";
        }
        else if(!IsArryANum(arry)) // check for any letters 
        {
            cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" is not an integer\n";
        }
        else if(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) == 0) // check for "exit code"
        {
            cout <<"\nExiting program...\n";
        }
        else // if all else is good, determine if number is a palindrome 
        {
            // copy the user input from the first array (arry)
            // into the second array (arryReversed)
            strcpy(arryReversed, arry);

            // function call to reverse the contents inside the
            // "arryReversed" array to check for similarity
            Reverse(arryReversed);
            
            cout <<endl<<arry;

            // use strcmp to determine if the two arrays are the same
            if(strcmp(arryReversed, arry) == 0)
            {
                cout <<" is a Palindrome..\n";
            }
            else
            {
                cout <<" is NOT a Palindrome!\n";
            }
        }
    }while(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) != 0); // keep going until user enters the exit value

    cout <<"\nBYE!\n";
    
    return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(char arry[])
{
    // get the length of the current word in the array index
    int length = strlen(arry)-1;
    
    // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
    // reversing the order of the array
    for (int currentChar=0; currentChar < length; --length, ++currentChar)
    {
        // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
        char temp = arry[currentChar];
        // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
        arry[currentChar] = arry[length];
        // copy temp into last array index
        arry[length] = temp;
    }
}// end of Reverse

bool IsArryANum(char arry[])
{
    // LOOP UNTIL U REACH THE NULL CHARACTER,
    // AKA THE END OF THE CHAR ARRAY
    for(int x=0; arry[x]!='\0'; ++x)
    {               
        // if the current char isnt a number,
        // exit the loop & return false
        if(!isdigit(arry[x])) 
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Jul 10, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Palindrome number checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(char arry[]);
bool IsArryANum(char arry[]);
 
// constant, which is the exit value 
const char* EXIT_VALUE = "0";
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char arry[80];
    char arryReversed[80];
    
    do{// get data from user using do/while loop
        cout<<"\nEnter a positive integer, or ("<<EXIT_VALUE<<") to exit: ";
        
        cin >> arry;
        
        if(atoi(arry) < 0) // check for negative numbers
        {
            cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" must be greater than zero\n";
        }
        else if(!IsArryANum(arry)) // check for any letters 
        {
            cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" is not an integer\n";
        }
        else if(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) == 0) // check for "exit code"
        {
            cout <<"\nExiting program...\n";
        }
        else // if all else is good, determine if number is a palindrome 
        {
            // copy the user input from the first array (arry)
            // into the second array (arryReversed)
            strcpy(arryReversed, arry);
 
            // function call to reverse the contents inside the
            // "arryReversed" array to check for similarity
            Reverse(arryReversed);
            
            cout <<endl<<arry;
 
            // use strcmp to determine if the two arrays are the same
            if(strcmp(arryReversed, arry) == 0)
            {
                cout <<" is a Palindrome..\n";
            }
            else
            {
                cout <<" is NOT a Palindrome!\n";
            }
        }
    }while(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) != 0); // keep going until user enters the exit value
 
    cout <<"\nBYE!\n";
    
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(char arry[])
{
    // get the length of the current word in the array index
    int length = strlen(arry)-1;
    
    // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
    // reversing the order of the array
    for (int currentChar=0; currentChar < length; --length, ++currentChar)
    {
        // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
        char temp = arry[currentChar];
        // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
        arry[currentChar] = arry[length];
        // copy temp into last array index
        arry[length] = temp;
    }
}// end of Reverse
 
bool IsArryANum(char arry[])
{
    // LOOP UNTIL U REACH THE NULL CHARACTER,
    // AKA THE END OF THE CHAR ARRAY
    for(int x=0; arry[x]!='\0'; ++x)
    {               
        // if the current char isnt a number,
        // exit the loop & return false
        if(!isdigit(arry[x])) 
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: L33T
*** error: "L33T" is not an integer Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: -728 *** error: -728 must be greater than zero Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 1858 1858 is NOT a Palindrome! Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 7337 7337 is a Palindrome.. Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 0 Exiting program...
BYE!

Java || Whats My Name? – Practice Using Strings, Methods & Switch Statemens

June 05, 2012 admin No comments

Here is another actual homework assignment which was presented in an intro to programming class. This program highlights more use using strings, modules, and switch statements.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

How To Get String Input If/Else Statements Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They? Switch Statements - How To Use Them Equal - String Comparison

This program first prompts the user to enter their name. Upon receiving that information, the program saves input into a string called “firstName.” The program then asks if the user has a middle name. If they do, the user will enter a middle name. If they dont, the program proceeds to ask for a last name. Upon receiving the first, [middle], and last names, the program will append the first, [middle], and last names into a completely new string titled “fullName.” Lastly, if the users’ first, [middle], or last names are the same, the program will display that data to the screen via stdout. The program will also display to the user the number of characters their full name contains using the built in function “length.”





		
		
			Whats My Name?
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;

public class NameString
{
   // global variable declaration	
   static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);  
   
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char response = ' '; 
	   String firstName= "";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   // get first name from user
	   System.out.print("Please enter your first name: ");
	   firstName = cin.next();	
	   
	   System.out.print("nDo you have a middle name?(Y/N): ");
	   String choice = cin.next();
	   choice = choice.toUpperCase();
	   response = choice.charAt(0);
	   
	   // use a switch statement to detrmine which function will be called
	   switch(response)
	   {
	    	case 'Y':
	   		fullName = FirstMiddleLast(firstName); // method declaration
	   		break;
	    	case 'N':
	   		fullName = FirstLast(firstName); // method declaration
	   		break;
	    	default:
	   		System.out.print("nPlease press either 'Y' or 'N'n"
	   			+ "Program exiting...n");
	   		System.exit(1);
	   		break;	   				
	   }
	   
	   System.out.println("And your full name is "+fullName);	   
   }// end of main
   
   // ==== FirstMiddleLast ====================================================
   //
   // This module will take as input the first name, and prompt the user for 
   // their middle and last name. Then it will display the total number of 
   // characters in their name. It returns the full name back to main  
   //
   // =========================================================================  
   private static String FirstMiddleLast(String firstName) 
   {
	   String middleName="";
	   String lastName="";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   System.out.print("nPlease enter your middle name: ");	   
	   middleName = cin.next();
	   
	   System.out.print("Please enter your last name: ");
	   lastName = cin.next(); 
	   
	   // copy the contents from the 3 strings into the 'fullName' string
	   fullName = firstName+" "+middleName+" "+lastName;
	   
	   System.out.println("");
	   
	   // check to see if the first, middle or last names are the same
	   // if they are, display a message to the user
	   if(firstName.equals(middleName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and middle name are the samen");
	   }
	   if(middleName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour middle and last name are the samen");
	   }	
	   if(firstName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and last name are the samen");
	   }
	   
	   // display the total length of the string, minus the 2 white spaces
	   System.out.println("nThe total number of characters in your "
			   +"name is: "+(fullName.length()-2));
	   
	   // return the full name string to main
	   return fullName;
   }// end of FirstMiddleLast
   
   // ==== FirstLast ==========================================================
   //
   // This module will take as input the first name, and prompt the user for
   // their last name. Then it will display the total number of characters in
   // their name. It returns the full name back to main  
   //   
   // ============================================================================   
   private static String FirstLast(String firstName) 
   {
	   String lastName="";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   System.out.print("nPlease enter your last name: ");
	   lastName = cin.next(); 
	   
	   // copy the contents from the 3 strings into the 'fullName' string
	   fullName = firstName+" "+lastName;
	   
	   System.out.println("");
	   
	   // check to see if the first or last names are the same
	   // if they are, display a message to the user
	   if(firstName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and last name are the samen");
	   }
	   
	   // display the total length of the string, minus the white space
	   System.out.println("nThe total number of characters in your "
			   +"name is: "+(fullName.length()-1));
	   
	   // return the full name string to main
	   return fullName;
   }// end of FirstLast   
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
 
public class NameString
{
   // global variable declaration	
   static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);  
   
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char response = ' '; 
	   String firstName= "";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   // get first name from user
	   System.out.print("Please enter your first name: ");
	   firstName = cin.next();	
	   
	   System.out.print("nDo you have a middle name?(Y/N): ");
	   String choice = cin.next();
	   choice = choice.toUpperCase();
	   response = choice.charAt(0);
	   
	   // use a switch statement to detrmine which function will be called
	   switch(response)
	   {
	    	case 'Y':
	   		fullName = FirstMiddleLast(firstName); // method declaration
	   		break;
	    	case 'N':
	   		fullName = FirstLast(firstName); // method declaration
	   		break;
	    	default:
	   		System.out.print("nPlease press either 'Y' or 'N'n"
	   			+ "Program exiting...n");
	   		System.exit(1);
	   		break;	   				
	   }
	   
	   System.out.println("And your full name is "+fullName);	   
   }// end of main
   
   // ==== FirstMiddleLast ====================================================
   //
   // This module will take as input the first name, and prompt the user for 
   // their middle and last name. Then it will display the total number of 
   // characters in their name. It returns the full name back to main  
   //
   // =========================================================================  
   private static String FirstMiddleLast(String firstName) 
   {
	   String middleName="";
	   String lastName="";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   System.out.print("nPlease enter your middle name: ");	   
	   middleName = cin.next();
	   
	   System.out.print("Please enter your last name: ");
	   lastName = cin.next(); 
	   
	   // copy the contents from the 3 strings into the 'fullName' string
	   fullName = firstName+" "+middleName+" "+lastName;
	   
	   System.out.println("");
	   
	   // check to see if the first, middle or last names are the same
	   // if they are, display a message to the user
	   if(firstName.equals(middleName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and middle name are the samen");
	   }
	   if(middleName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour middle and last name are the samen");
	   }	
	   if(firstName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and last name are the samen");
	   }
	   
	   // display the total length of the string, minus the 2 white spaces
	   System.out.println("nThe total number of characters in your "
			   +"name is: "+(fullName.length()-2));
	   
	   // return the full name string to main
	   return fullName;
   }// end of FirstMiddleLast
   
   // ==== FirstLast ==========================================================
   //
   // This module will take as input the first name, and prompt the user for
   // their last name. Then it will display the total number of characters in
   // their name. It returns the full name back to main  
   //   
   // ============================================================================   
   private static String FirstLast(String firstName) 
   {
	   String lastName="";
	   String fullName="";
	   
	   System.out.print("nPlease enter your last name: ");
	   lastName = cin.next(); 
	   
	   // copy the contents from the 3 strings into the 'fullName' string
	   fullName = firstName+" "+lastName;
	   
	   System.out.println("");
	   
	   // check to see if the first or last names are the same
	   // if they are, display a message to the user
	   if(firstName.equals(lastName))
	   {
	      System.out.print("tYour first and last name are the samen");
	   }
	   
	   // display the total length of the string, minus the white space
	   System.out.println("nThe total number of characters in your "
			   +"name is: "+(fullName.length()-1));
	   
	   // return the full name string to main
	   return fullName;
   }// end of FirstLast   
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Note: The code was compiled five separate times to display the different outputs its able to produce

====== RUN 1 ======
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program. Please enter your first name: My Do you have a middle name?(Y/N): y Please enter your middle name: Programming Please enter your last name: Notes The total number of characters in your name is: 18 And your full name is My Programming Notes ====== RUN 2 ====== Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program. Please enter your first name: Programming Do you have a middle name?(Y/N): n Please enter your last name: Notes The total number of characters in your name is: 16 And your full name is Programming Notes ====== RUN 3 ====== Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program. Please enter your first name: Notes Do you have a middle name?(Y/N): y Please enter your middle name: Notes Please enter your last name: Notes Your first and middle name are the same Your middle and last name are the same Your first and last name are the same The total number of characters in your name is: 15 And your full name is Notes Notes Notes ====== RUN 4 ====== Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program. Please enter your first name: My Do you have a middle name?(Y/N): n Please enter your last name: My Your first and last name are the same The total number of characters in your name is: 4 And your full name is My My ====== RUN 5 ====== Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program. Please enter your first name: My Do you have a middle name?(Y/N): z
Please press either 'Y' or 'N' Program exiting...

Java || Count The Total Number Of Characters, Vowels, & UPPERCASE Letters Contained In A Sentence Using A ‘For Loop’

June 04, 2012 admin No comments

Here is a simple program, which demonstrates more practice using the input/output mechanisms which are available in Java.

This program will prompt the user to enter a sentence, then upon entering an “exit code,” will display the total number of uppercase letters, vowels and characters which are contained within that sentence. This program is very similar to an earlier project, this time, utilizing a for loop, strings, and user defined methods.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

How To Get String Input If/Else Statements For Loops Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They?





		
		
			Count Characters, Vowels, & UPPERCASE Letters
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;

public class VowelCount
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   int numUpperCase = 0;
	   int numVowel = 0;
	   int numChars = 0;
	   char character = ' '; 
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   System.out.print("Enter a sentence, ending with a period: ");
	   userInput = cin.nextLine();	    
	   
	   // loop thru the string until we reach the 'exit code'
	   for(int index=0; userInput.charAt(index) != '.'; ++index)
	   {
		   character = userInput.charAt(index);

		   // do nothing, we dont care about whitespace
		   if(character == ' ')
		   {
			   continue;
		   }
		   
		   // check to see if entered data is UPPERCASE
		   if((character >= 'A')&&(character <= 'Z'))
		   {
			   ++numUpperCase; // Increments Total number of uppercase by one
		   } 
		   
		   // check to see if entered data is a vowel
		   if((character == 'a')||(character == 'A')||(character == 'e')||
				   (character == 'E')||(character == 'i')||(character == 'I')||
				   (character == 'o')||(character == 'O')||(character == 'u')||
				   (character == 'U')||(character == 'y')||(character == 'Y'))
		   {
			   ++numVowel; // increment total number of vowels by one
		   }
		
		   ++numChars;  // increment total number of chars by one
	   }
	   
	   setwf("ntTotal number of upper case letters:", 45,'.');	   
	   System.out.println(numUpperCase);
	   setwf("tTotal number of vowels:", 44,'.');
	   System.out.println(numVowel);
	   setwf("tTotal number of characters:", 44,'.');
	   System.out.println(numChars);
   }// end of main
   
   public static void setwf(String str, int width, char fill)
   {// this mimics the C++ 'setw' function & formats string output to the screen
	   System.out.print(str);
	   for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) 
	   {
		   System.out.print(fill);			   
	   }
   }// end of setwf
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
 
public class VowelCount
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   int numUpperCase = 0;
	   int numVowel = 0;
	   int numChars = 0;
	   char character = ' '; 
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   System.out.print("Enter a sentence, ending with a period: ");
	   userInput = cin.nextLine();	    
	   
	   // loop thru the string until we reach the 'exit code'
	   for(int index=0; userInput.charAt(index) != '.'; ++index)
	   {
		   character = userInput.charAt(index);
 
		   // do nothing, we dont care about whitespace
		   if(character == ' ')
		   {
			   continue;
		   }
		   
		   // check to see if entered data is UPPERCASE
		   if((character >= 'A')&&(character <= 'Z'))
		   {
			   ++numUpperCase; // Increments Total number of uppercase by one
		   } 
		   
		   // check to see if entered data is a vowel
		   if((character == 'a')||(character == 'A')||(character == 'e')||
				   (character == 'E')||(character == 'i')||(character == 'I')||
				   (character == 'o')||(character == 'O')||(character == 'u')||
				   (character == 'U')||(character == 'y')||(character == 'Y'))
		   {
			   ++numVowel; // increment total number of vowels by one
		   }
		
		   ++numChars;  // increment total number of chars by one
	   }
	   
	   setwf("ntTotal number of upper case letters:", 45,'.');	   
	   System.out.println(numUpperCase);
	   setwf("tTotal number of vowels:", 44,'.');
	   System.out.println(numVowel);
	   setwf("tTotal number of characters:", 44,'.');
	   System.out.println(numChars);
   }// end of main
   
   public static void setwf(String str, int width, char fill)
   {// this mimics the C++ 'setw' function & formats string output to the screen
	   System.out.print(str);
	   for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) 
	   {
		   System.out.print(fill);			   
	   }
   }// end of setwf
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted portions are areas of interest.

Notice line 22 contains the for loop declaration. The loop will continually loop thru the string, and will not stop doing so until it reaches an exit character, and the defined exit character in this program is a period (“.”). So, the program will not stop looping thru the string until it reaches a period.

Once compiling the above code, you should receive this as your output

Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Enter a sentence, ending with a period: My Programming Notes Is An Awesome Site.
Total number of upper case letters:........7 Total number of vowels:....................14 Total number of characters:................33

Java || Compute The Sum From A String Of Integers & Display Each Number Individually

June 03, 2012 admin No comments

Here is a simple program, which was presented in a Java course. This program was used to introduce the input/output mechanisms which are available in Java. This assignment was modeled after Exercise 2.30, taken from the textbook “Java How to Program” (early objects) (9th Edition) (Deitel). It is the same exercise in both the 8th and 9th editions.

Our class was asked to make a program which prompts the user to enter a non-negative integer into the system. The program was supposed to then extract the digits from the inputted number, displaying them each individually, separated by a white space (” “). After the digits are displayed, the program was then supposed to display the sum of those digits to the screen. So for example, if the user inputted the number “39465,” the program would output the numbers 3 9 4 6 5 individually, and then the sum of 27.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

How To Get String Input If/Else Statements Do/While Loops For Loops Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They? ParseInt - Convert String To Integer Substring Try/Catch





		
		
			Compute The Sum From A String Of Numbers
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.Math;

public class SumFromString
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char question = 'n';
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   do{// this is the start of the do/while loop	   
		   int sum = 0;
		   
		   // get data from the user
		   System.out.print("nEnter a non negative integer: ");
		   userInput = cin.nextLine();
		   
		   System.out.println("");
		   
		   // if the string isnt a number, dont compute the sum
		   if(!IsNumeric(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is not a number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter digits only!");	
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a negative number, dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsNegative(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a negative number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive digits only!");
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a decimal number (i.e 19.87), dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsDecimal(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a decimal number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive whole numbers only!");		  		
		   }
		   
		   // if everything else checks out OK, then compute the sum
		   else
		   {
			   System.out.print("The digits are: ");
			   sum = ComputeSum(userInput); 
			   System.out.println("and the sum is " + sum);
		   }
		   
		   // ask user if they want to enter more data
		   System.out.print("nDo you have more data for input? (Y/N): ");
		   String response = cin.nextLine();
		   response=response.toLowerCase();
		   question = response.charAt(0);
		   
		   System.out.println("n------------------------------------------------");
		   
	   }while(question == 'y');
	   
	   System.out.print("nBYE!n");
   }// end of main
   
   public static boolean IsNumeric(String str)  
   {// checks to see if a string is a number  
	   try
	   { 
		   Double.parseDouble(str);
		   return true;		   
	   }
	   catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
	   { 
		   return false;
	   }
   }// end of IsNumeric
   
   public static boolean IsNegative(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a negative number  
	   return Double.parseDouble(str) < 0;
   }// end of IsNegative   
   
   public static boolean IsDecimal(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a decimal number  
	   return (Math.floor(Double.parseDouble(str))) != Double.parseDouble(str);
   }// end of IsDecimal
   
   public static int ComputeSum(String userInput)
   {// displays each number individually & computes the sum of the string 
	   int sum = 0;
	   String[] temp = new String[userInput.length()];
	   
	   for(int counter=0; counter < userInput.length(); ++counter)
	   {
		   temp[counter] = userInput.substring(counter,counter+1); 
		   System.out.print(temp[counter] + " ");
		   sum = sum + Integer.parseInt(temp[counter]);
	   }
	   return sum;
   }// end of ComputeSum
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.Math;
 
public class SumFromString
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char question = 'n';
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   do{// this is the start of the do/while loop	   
		   int sum = 0;
		   
		   // get data from the user
		   System.out.print("nEnter a non negative integer: ");
		   userInput = cin.nextLine();
		   
		   System.out.println("");
		   
		   // if the string isnt a number, dont compute the sum
		   if(!IsNumeric(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is not a number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter digits only!");	
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a negative number, dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsNegative(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a negative number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive digits only!");
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a decimal number (i.e 19.87), dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsDecimal(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a decimal number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive whole numbers only!");		  		
		   }
		   
		   // if everything else checks out OK, then compute the sum
		   else
		   {
			   System.out.print("The digits are: ");
			   sum = ComputeSum(userInput); 
			   System.out.println("and the sum is " + sum);
		   }
		   
		   // ask user if they want to enter more data
		   System.out.print("nDo you have more data for input? (Y/N): ");
		   String response = cin.nextLine();
		   response=response.toLowerCase();
		   question = response.charAt(0);
		   
		   System.out.println("n------------------------------------------------");
		   
	   }while(question == 'y');
	   
	   System.out.print("nBYE!n");
   }// end of main
   
   public static boolean IsNumeric(String str)  
   {// checks to see if a string is a number  
	   try
	   { 
		   Double.parseDouble(str);
		   return true;		   
	   }
	   catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
	   { 
		   return false;
	   }
   }// end of IsNumeric
   
   public static boolean IsNegative(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a negative number  
	   return Double.parseDouble(str) < 0;
   }// end of IsNegative   
   
   public static boolean IsDecimal(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a decimal number  
	   return (Math.floor(Double.parseDouble(str))) != Double.parseDouble(str);
   }// end of IsDecimal
   
   public static int ComputeSum(String userInput)
   {// displays each number individually & computes the sum of the string 
	   int sum = 0;
	   String[] temp = new String[userInput.length()];
	   
	   for(int counter=0; counter < userInput.length(); ++counter)
	   {
		   temp[counter] = userInput.substring(counter,counter+1); 
		   System.out.print(temp[counter] + " ");
		   sum = sum + Integer.parseInt(temp[counter]);
	   }
	   return sum;
   }// end of ComputeSum
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Enter a non negative integer: 0 The digits are: 0 and the sum is 0 Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: 39465 The digits are: 3 9 4 6 5 and the sum is 27 Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: H3ll0 W0rld H3ll0 W0rld is not a number... Please enter digits only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: -98 -98 is a negative number... Please enter positive digits only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: 19.87 19.87 is a decimal number... Please enter positive whole numbers only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): n ------------------------------------------------
BYE!

C++ || Stack – Using A Stack, Determine If A Set Of Parentheses Is Well-Formed

May 14, 2012 admin 2 Comments

Here is another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. This assignment was used to introduce the stack ADT, and helped prepare our class for two later assignments which required using a stack. Those assignments can be found here:

(1) Stack Based Infix To Postfix Conversion (Single Digit) (2) Stack Based Postfix Evaluation (Single Digit)

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Stack Data Structure Cin.getline #include "ClassStackListType.h"

A simple exercise for testing a stack is determining whether a set of parenthesis is “well formed” or not. What exactly is meant by that? In the case of a pair of parenthesis, for an expression to be well formed, consider the following table.





		
		
			Well-Formed Expressions             |           Ill-Formed Expressions
------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
( a b c [ ] )                       |             ( a b c [ )
( ) [ ] { }                         |             ( (
{ ( a b c d e ) ( ) }               |             [ a b c d e ) ( ) }
( a + [ b - c ] / d )               |             ( a + [ b - c } /  d )
			
				
					
				
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						Well-Formed Expressions             |           Ill-Formed Expressions
------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
( a b c [ ] )                       |             ( a b c [ )
( ) [ ] { }                         |             ( (
{ ( a b c d e ) ( ) }               |             [ a b c d e ) ( ) }
( a + [ b - c ] / d )               |             ( a + [ b - c } /  d )

Given an expression with characters and parenthesis, ( ), [ ], and { }, our class was asked to determine if an expression was well formed or not by using the following algorithm:





		
		
			// An algorithm for a Well Formed expression

Set 'balanced' to true
Set 'symbol' to the first character in the current expression

while(there are more characters AND 'balanced' == true)
{
    if('symbol' is an opening symbol)
    {
        Push 'symbol' onto the stack
    }
    else if('symbol' is a closing symbol)
    {
        if the stack is empty
            'balanced' = false
        else
            Set the 'openSymbol' to the item at the top of the stack
            Pop the stack
            Check to see if 'symbol' matches 'openSymbol'
            (i.e - if openSymbol == '(' and symbol == ')'
            then 'balanced' = true)
    }
    Set 'symbol' to the next character in the current expression
}

if('balanced' == true AND stack is empty)
{
    Expression is well formed
}
else
{
    Expression is NOT well formed
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// An algorithm for a Well Formed expression
 
Set 'balanced' to true
Set 'symbol' to the first character in the current expression
 
while(there are more characters AND 'balanced' == true)
{
    if('symbol' is an opening symbol)
    {
        Push 'symbol' onto the stack
    }
    else if('symbol' is a closing symbol)
    {
        if the stack is empty
            'balanced' = false
        else
            Set the 'openSymbol' to the item at the top of the stack
            Pop the stack
            Check to see if 'symbol' matches 'openSymbol'
            (i.e - if openSymbol == '(' and symbol == ')'
            then 'balanced' = true)
    }
    Set 'symbol' to the next character in the current expression
}
 
if('balanced' == true AND stack is empty)
{
    Expression is well formed
}
else
{
    Expression is NOT well formed
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

======= WELL-FORMED EXPRESSIONS =======

This program uses a custom template.h class. To obtain the code for that class, click here.





		
		
			Is The Expression Well-Formed?
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 14, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  wellFormed.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to check if an expression is well formed
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackListType.h"
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
bool IsOpen(char symbol);
bool IsClosed(char symbol);
bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol);

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char expression[120];
    char openSymbol;
    int index=0;
    bool balanced = true;
    StackListType<char> stack; // this is the stack declaration

    // obtain data from the user using a char array
    cout <<"Enter an expression and press ENTER. "<<endl;
    cin.getline(expression,sizeof(expression));

    cout << "\nThe expression: " << expression;

    // loop thru the char array until we reach the 'NULL' character
    // and while 'balanced' == true
    while (expression[index]!='\0' && balanced)
    {
        // if input is an "open bracket" push onto stack
        // else, process info
        if (IsOpen(expression[index]))
        {
            stack.Push(expression[index]);
        }
        else if (IsClosed(expression[index]))
        {
            if(stack.IsEmpty())
            {
                balanced = false;
            }
            else
            {
                openSymbol = stack.Top();
                stack.Pop();
                balanced = IsWellFormed(openSymbol, expression[index]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }

    if (balanced && stack.IsEmpty())
    {
        cout << " is well formed..." << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << " is NOT well formed!!! " << endl;
    }
}// End of Main

bool IsOpen(char symbol)
{
    if ((symbol == '(') || (symbol == '{') || (symbol == '['))
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}// End of IsOpen

bool IsClosed(char symbol)
{
    if ((symbol == ')') || (symbol == '}') || (symbol == ']'))
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}// End of IsClosed

bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol)
{
    return (((openSymbol == '(') && closeSymbol == ')') || ((openSymbol == '{') && closeSymbol == '}')
        || ((openSymbol == '[') && closeSymbol == ']'));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 14, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  wellFormed.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to check if an expression is well formed
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackListType.h"
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
bool IsOpen(char symbol);
bool IsClosed(char symbol);
bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol);
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char expression[120];
    char openSymbol;
    int index=0;
    bool balanced = true;
    StackListType<char> stack; // this is the stack declaration
 
    // obtain data from the user using a char array
    cout <<"Enter an expression and press ENTER. "<<endl;
    cin.getline(expression,sizeof(expression));
 
    cout << "\nThe expression: " << expression;
 
    // loop thru the char array until we reach the 'NULL' character
    // and while 'balanced' == true
    while (expression[index]!='\0' && balanced)
    {
        // if input is an "open bracket" push onto stack
        // else, process info
        if (IsOpen(expression[index]))
        {
            stack.Push(expression[index]);
        }
        else if (IsClosed(expression[index]))
        {
            if(stack.IsEmpty())
            {
                balanced = false;
            }
            else
            {
                openSymbol = stack.Top();
                stack.Pop();
                balanced = IsWellFormed(openSymbol, expression[index]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }
 
    if (balanced && stack.IsEmpty())
    {
        cout << " is well formed..." << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << " is NOT well formed!!! " << endl;
    }
}// End of Main
 
bool IsOpen(char symbol)
{
    if ((symbol == '(') || (symbol == '{') || (symbol == '['))
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}// End of IsOpen
 
bool IsClosed(char symbol)
{
    if ((symbol == ')') || (symbol == '}') || (symbol == ']'))
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}// End of IsClosed
 
bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol)
{
    return (((openSymbol == '(') && closeSymbol == ')') || ((openSymbol == '{') && closeSymbol == '}')
        || ((openSymbol == '[') && closeSymbol == ']'));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compile four separate times to display different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
Enter an expression and press ENTER. (( The expression: (( is NOT well formed!!! ====== RUN 2 ====== Enter an expression and press ENTER. (a{b[]}c) The expression: (a{b[]}c) is well formed... ====== RUN 3 ====== Enter an expression and press ENTER. [(7 * 28) - 1987] The expression: [(7 * 28) - 1987] is well formed... ====== RUN 4 ====== Enter an expression and press ENTER. {3 + [2 / 3] - (9 + 18) * 12)
The expression: {3 + [2 / 3] - (9 + 18) * 12) is NOT well formed!!!

C++ || Class & Input/Output – Display The Contents Of A User Specified Text File To The Screen

April 24, 2012 admin No comments

The following is another intermediate homework assignment which was presented in a C++ programming course. This program was assigned to introduce more practice using the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Header Files - How To Use Them Class - What Is It? How To Read Data From A File String - Getline Array - Cin.Getline Strcpy - Copy Contents Of An Array #Define

This program first prompts the user to input a file name. After it obtains a file name from the user, it then attempts to display the contents of the user specified file to the output screen. If the file could not be found, an error message appears. If the file is found, the program continues as normal. After the file contents finishes being displayed, a summary indicating the total number of lines which has been read is also shown to the screen.

This program was implemented into 3 different files (two .cpp files, and one header file .h). So the code for this program will be broken up into 3 sections, the main file (.cpp), the header file (.h), and the implementation of the functions within the header file (.cpp).

Note: The data file that is used in this example can be downloaded here.

Also, in order to read in the data .txt file, you need to save the .txt file in the same directory (or folder) as your .cpp file is saved in. If you are using Visual C++, this directory will be located in

Documents > Visual Studio 2010 > Projects > [Your project name] > [Your project name]

======== FILE #1 – Main.cpp ========





		
		
			File #1 - Main.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// File: Main.cpp 
// ============================================================================
// This program tests the "CFileDisp" object.  It prompts the user for an input
// filename, then attempts to display the contents of that file to stdout.
// After the file contents have been displayed, a summary line indicating the
// total number of lines that have been displayed is written to stdout.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include "CFileDisp.h"
using namespace std;

// ==== main ==================================================================
//
// ============================================================================

int main()
{
	CFileDisp       myFile;
	char            fname[MAX_LENGTH];
	int             numLines;
	
	// get the filename from the user
	cout << "Enter a filename: ";
	cin.getline(fname, MAX_LENGTH);
	
	// copy the user's filename into the file object
	myFile.SetFilename(fname);
	
	// have the object open the file
	myFile.OpenFile();
	
	// if all is good and well...
	if(myFile.IsValid()==true)
	{
		numLines = myFile.DisplayFileContents();
		
		// close the file
		myFile.CloseFile();
		
		// write how many lines were displayed to stdout
		cout << "nt*** Total lines displayed: " << numLines << endl;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// File: Main.cpp 
// ============================================================================
// This program tests the "CFileDisp" object.  It prompts the user for an input
// filename, then attempts to display the contents of that file to stdout.
// After the file contents have been displayed, a summary line indicating the
// total number of lines that have been displayed is written to stdout.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include "CFileDisp.h"
using namespace std;
 
// ==== main ==================================================================
//
// ============================================================================
 
int main()
{
	CFileDisp       myFile;
	char            fname[MAX_LENGTH];
	int             numLines;
	
	// get the filename from the user
	cout << "Enter a filename: ";
	cin.getline(fname, MAX_LENGTH);
	
	// copy the user's filename into the file object
	myFile.SetFilename(fname);
	
	// have the object open the file
	myFile.OpenFile();
	
	// if all is good and well...
	if(myFile.IsValid()==true)
	{
		numLines = myFile.DisplayFileContents();
		
		// close the file
		myFile.CloseFile();
		
		// write how many lines were displayed to stdout
		cout << "nt*** Total lines displayed: " << numLines << endl;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #2 – CFileDisp.h ========

Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the Main.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.





		
		
			File #2 - CFileDisp.h
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// File: CFileDisp.h
// ============================================================================
// This is the header file which declares the objects which are used to open 
// a text file and display its contents to stdout.
// ============================================================================
#ifndef CFILE_DISP_HEADER
#define CFILE_DISP_HEADER

#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

#define MAX_LENGTH  256

class   CFileDisp
{
public:
	// constructor
	CFileDisp();
	
	// member functions
	void SetFilename(char  newFilename[]);
	/*  Purpose: Copy the user's filename into the file object */
	void OpenFile();
	/* Purpose: Open's the file which is specified by the user */
	bool IsValid();
	/* Purpose: Checks if the file exists. 
	   Post: Returns false if file cannot be found */
	int DisplayFileContents();
	/* Purpose: Display's the file contents to stdout
	   Post: Returns the total number of lines contained in the file */
	void CloseFile();
	/* Purpose: Closes the file */
	
	// destructor
	~CFileDisp();

private:
    bool            m_bIsValid;
    char            m_filename[MAX_LENGTH];
    ifstream        m_inFile;
};
#endif   // CFILE_DISP_HEADER // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// File: CFileDisp.h
// ============================================================================
// This is the header file which declares the objects which are used to open 
// a text file and display its contents to stdout.
// ============================================================================
#ifndef CFILE_DISP_HEADER
#define CFILE_DISP_HEADER
 
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
 
#define MAX_LENGTH  256
 
class   CFileDisp
{
public:
	// constructor
	CFileDisp();
	
	// member functions
	void SetFilename(char  newFilename[]);
	/*  Purpose: Copy the user's filename into the file object */
	void OpenFile();
	/* Purpose: Open's the file which is specified by the user */
	bool IsValid();
	/* Purpose: Checks if the file exists. 
	   Post: Returns false if file cannot be found */
	int DisplayFileContents();
	/* Purpose: Display's the file contents to stdout
	   Post: Returns the total number of lines contained in the file */
	void CloseFile();
	/* Purpose: Closes the file */
	
	// destructor
	~CFileDisp();
 
private:
    bool            m_bIsValid;
    char            m_filename[MAX_LENGTH];
    ifstream        m_inFile;
};
#endif   // CFILE_DISP_HEADER // http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #3 – CFileDisp.cpp ========

This is the function implementation file for the CFileDisp.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “CFileDisp.h”





		
		
			File #3 - CFileDisp.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// File: CFileDisp.cpp
// ============================================================================
// This file implements the functions which are declared in the CFileDisp
// class, which is located in CFileDisp.h
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include "CFileDisp.h"
using namespace std;

CFileDisp::CFileDisp()
{
	m_bIsValid = 0;
}// end of CFileDisp

void CFileDisp::SetFilename(char  newFilename[])
{
    strcpy(m_filename,newFilename);
}// end of SetFilename

void CFileDisp::OpenFile()
{
	m_inFile.open(m_filename);
}// end of OpenFile

bool CFileDisp::IsValid()
{
	if (m_inFile.fail())
	{
		cout << m_filename << " was not found...nn";
		return false;
	}
	else 
	{
		return true;
	}
}// end of IsValid

int CFileDisp::DisplayFileContents()
{
	int total=0;
	string inLine;
	
	cout << endl;
	
	while(getline(m_inFile, inLine))
	{
		cout << inLine << endl;
		++total;
	}	
	return total;
}// end of DisplayFileContents

void CFileDisp::CloseFile()
{
	m_inFile.close();
}//	end of CloseFile

// this is the destructor
CFileDisp::~CFileDisp()
{
	m_bIsValid = 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// File: CFileDisp.cpp
// ============================================================================
// This file implements the functions which are declared in the CFileDisp
// class, which is located in CFileDisp.h
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include "CFileDisp.h"
using namespace std;
 
CFileDisp::CFileDisp()
{
	m_bIsValid = 0;
}// end of CFileDisp
 
void CFileDisp::SetFilename(char  newFilename[])
{
    strcpy(m_filename,newFilename);
}// end of SetFilename
 
void CFileDisp::OpenFile()
{
	m_inFile.open(m_filename);
}// end of OpenFile
 
bool CFileDisp::IsValid()
{
	if (m_inFile.fail())
	{
		cout << m_filename << " was not found...nn";
		return false;
	}
	else 
	{
		return true;
	}
}// end of IsValid
 
int CFileDisp::DisplayFileContents()
{
	int total=0;
	string inLine;
	
	cout << endl;
	
	while(getline(m_inFile, inLine))
	{
		cout << inLine << endl;
		++total;
	}	
	return total;
}// end of DisplayFileContents
 
void CFileDisp::CloseFile()
{
	m_inFile.close();
}//	end of CloseFile
 
// this is the destructor
CFileDisp::~CFileDisp()
{
	m_bIsValid = 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output





		
		
			Enter a filename: input_file_display_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt

346     130     982     90      656     117   595
415     948     126     4       558     571   87
42      360     412     721     463     47    119
441     190     985     214     509     2     571
77      81      681     651     995     93    74
310     9       995     561     92      14    288
466     664     892     8       766     34    639
151     64      98      813     67      834   369

                This is a line of text!

        *** Total lines displayed: 10
			
				
					
				
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						Enter a filename: input_file_display_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt
 
346     130     982     90      656     117   595
415     948     126     4       558     571   87
42      360     412     721     463     47    119
441     190     985     214     509     2     571
77      81      681     651     995     93    74
310     9       995     561     92      14    288
466     664     892     8       766     34    639
151     64      98      813     67      834   369
 
                This is a line of text!
 
        *** Total lines displayed: 10

C++ || Class – Roman Numeral To Integer & Integer To Roman Numeral Conversion

April 10, 2012 admin No comments

Click Here For Updated Version Of Program

The following is another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. This program was assigned in order to practice the use of the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Header Files - How To Use Them Class - What Is It? Do/While Loop Passing a Value By Reference Roman Numerals - How Do You Convert To Decimal? Online Roman Numeral Converter - Check For Correct Results

This is an interactive program in which the user has the option of selecting from 7 modes of operation. Of those modes, the user has the option of entering in roman numerals for conversion, entering in decimal numbers for conversion, displaying the recently entered number, and finally converting between roman or decimal values.

A sample of the menu is as followed:
(Where the user would enter numbers 1-7 to select a choice)





		
		
			From the following menu:

1.  Enter a Decimal number
2.  Enter a Roman Numeral
3.  Convert from Decimal to Roman
4.  Convert from Roman to Decimal
5.  Print the current Decimal number
6.  Print the current Roman Numeral
7.  Quit

Please enter a selection:
			
				
					
				
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						From the following menu:
 
1.  Enter a Decimal number
2.  Enter a Roman Numeral
3.  Convert from Decimal to Roman
4.  Convert from Roman to Decimal
5.  Print the current Decimal number
6.  Print the current Roman Numeral
7.  Quit
 
Please enter a selection:

======== FILE #1 – Menu.cpp ========

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			File #1 - Menu.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File: Menu.cpp
//  Purpose: Converts a number enetered in Decimal to Roman Numeral and a 
//  Roman Numeral to a Decimal Number 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int GetCommand(int command);
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject);

int main()
{
	int command=7;	// Holds which action the user chooses to make
	ClassRomanType	romanObject;	// Gives access to the class

	do{
		DisplayMenu();
		command = GetCommand(command);
		RunChoice(command, romanObject);
		cout<<"n--------------------------------------------------------------------n";
	}while(command!=7);

	cout<<"nBye!n";

	return 0;
}// End of main

void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject)
{// Function: Execute the choice selected from the menu

	// declare private variables
	int decimalNumber=0;	// Holds decimal value
	char romanNumeral[150];	//Holds value of roman numeral

	// execute the desired choice
	cout <<"ntYou selected choice #"<<command<<" which will: ";
	switch(command)
	{
	case 1:
		cout << "Get Decimal Numbernn";
		cout <<"Enter a Decimal Number: ";
		cin >> decimalNumber;
		romanObject.GetDecimalNumber(decimalNumber);
		break;
	case 2:
		cout << "Get Roman Numeralnn";
		cout <<"nEnter a Roman Numeral: ";
		cin >> romanNumeral;
		romanObject.GetRomanNumeral(romanNumeral);
		break;
	case 3:
		cout << "Convert from Decimal to Romannn";
		romanObject.ConvertDecimalToRoman();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 4:
		cout << "Convert from Roman to Decimalnn";
		romanObject.ConvertRomanToDecimal();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 5:
		cout << "Print the current Decimal numbernn";
		cout<<"n The current Roman to Decimal Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnDecimalNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 6:
		cout << "Print the current Roman Numeralnn";
		cout<<"n The current Decimal to Roman Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnRomanNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 7:
		cout << "Quitnn";
		break;
	default:
		cout << "nError, you entered an invalid command!nPlease try again...";
		break;
	}
}//End of RunChoice

int GetCommand(int command)
{// Function: Gets choice from menu
	cout <<"nPlease enter a selection: ";
	cin>> command;
	return command;
}// End of GetCommand

void DisplayMenu()
{// Function: Displays menu
	cout <<"From the following menu:n"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"1."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"2."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"3."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Decimal to Roman"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"4."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Roman to Decimal"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"5."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"6."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"7."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Quit"<<endl;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File: Menu.cpp
//  Purpose: Converts a number enetered in Decimal to Roman Numeral and a 
//  Roman Numeral to a Decimal Number 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int GetCommand(int command);
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject);
 
int main()
{
	int command=7;	// Holds which action the user chooses to make
	ClassRomanType	romanObject;	// Gives access to the class
 
	do{
		DisplayMenu();
		command = GetCommand(command);
		RunChoice(command, romanObject);
		cout<<"n--------------------------------------------------------------------n";
	}while(command!=7);
 
	cout<<"nBye!n";
 
	return 0;
}// End of main
 
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject)
{// Function: Execute the choice selected from the menu
 
	// declare private variables
	int decimalNumber=0;	// Holds decimal value
	char romanNumeral[150];	//Holds value of roman numeral
 
	// execute the desired choice
	cout <<"ntYou selected choice #"<<command<<" which will: ";
	switch(command)
	{
	case 1:
		cout << "Get Decimal Numbernn";
		cout <<"Enter a Decimal Number: ";
		cin >> decimalNumber;
		romanObject.GetDecimalNumber(decimalNumber);
		break;
	case 2:
		cout << "Get Roman Numeralnn";
		cout <<"nEnter a Roman Numeral: ";
		cin >> romanNumeral;
		romanObject.GetRomanNumeral(romanNumeral);
		break;
	case 3:
		cout << "Convert from Decimal to Romannn";
		romanObject.ConvertDecimalToRoman();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 4:
		cout << "Convert from Roman to Decimalnn";
		romanObject.ConvertRomanToDecimal();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 5:
		cout << "Print the current Decimal numbernn";
		cout<<"n The current Roman to Decimal Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnDecimalNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 6:
		cout << "Print the current Roman Numeralnn";
		cout<<"n The current Decimal to Roman Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnRomanNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 7:
		cout << "Quitnn";
		break;
	default:
		cout << "nError, you entered an invalid command!nPlease try again...";
		break;
	}
}//End of RunChoice
 
int GetCommand(int command)
{// Function: Gets choice from menu
	cout <<"nPlease enter a selection: ";
	cin>> command;
	return command;
}// End of GetCommand
 
void DisplayMenu()
{// Function: Displays menu
	cout <<"From the following menu:n"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"1."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"2."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"3."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Decimal to Roman"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"4."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Roman to Decimal"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"5."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"6."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"7."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Quit"<<endl;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #2 – ClassRomanType.h ========

Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the Menu.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.





		
		
			File #2 - ClassRomanType.h
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File:  ClassRomanType.h
//  Purpose:  Header file for Roman Numeral conversion. It contains all
//  declarations and prototypes for the class members to carry out the 
//  conversion
// ============================================================================
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class   ClassRomanType
{
public:
    ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables to "0"
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */

	// member functions
    void GetDecimalNumber(int  decimalNumber);
          /*   Function: gets decimal number
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets arabic number from user */

    void GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]);
          /*   Function: gets roman numeral
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */

    void ConvertDecimalToRoman();
          /*   Function: converts decimal number to ronman numeral
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */

    void ConvertRomanToDecimal();
          /*   Function: converts roman numeral to arabic number 
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets decimal number from user */

    int ReturnDecimalNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted decimal number 
			Precondition: the converted roman numeral to decimal number
			Postcondition: displays decimal number to user */

    string ReturnRomanNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted roman numeral 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: displays roman numeral to user */

    ~ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: destructor used to return memory to the system 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: none */

private:
	char	m_romanValue[150];  // An array holding the roman value within the class
	int	m_decimalValue;	// Holds the final output answer of the roman to decimal conversion
}; // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File:  ClassRomanType.h
//  Purpose:  Header file for Roman Numeral conversion. It contains all
//  declarations and prototypes for the class members to carry out the 
//  conversion
// ============================================================================
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
class   ClassRomanType
{
public:
    ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables to "0"
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */
 
	// member functions
    void GetDecimalNumber(int  decimalNumber);
          /*   Function: gets decimal number
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets arabic number from user */
 
    void GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]);
          /*   Function: gets roman numeral
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */
 
    void ConvertDecimalToRoman();
          /*   Function: converts decimal number to ronman numeral
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */
 
    void ConvertRomanToDecimal();
          /*   Function: converts roman numeral to arabic number 
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets decimal number from user */
 
    int ReturnDecimalNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted decimal number 
			Precondition: the converted roman numeral to decimal number
			Postcondition: displays decimal number to user */
 
    string ReturnRomanNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted roman numeral 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: displays roman numeral to user */
 
    ~ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: destructor used to return memory to the system 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: none */
 
private:
	char	m_romanValue[150];  // An array holding the roman value within the class
	int	m_decimalValue;	// Holds the final output answer of the roman to decimal conversion
}; // http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #3 – RomanType.cpp ========

This is the function implementation file for the ClassRomanType.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “ClassRomanType.h”





		
		
			File #3 - RomanType.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File:  RomanType.cpp
//  Purpose:  Contains the implementation of the class members for the 
//  roman numeral conversion
//  
//  *NOTE*: Uncomment cout statements to visualize whats happening
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string> 
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;

ClassRomanType::ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// end of ClassRomanType

void ClassRomanType:: GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber)
{
	m_decimalValue = decimalNumber;
}// end of GetDecimalNumber

void ClassRomanType:: GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[])
{
	strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral);
}// end of GetRomanNumeral

void ClassRomanType:: ConvertDecimalToRoman()
{ 
	strcpy(m_romanValue,""); // erases any previous data
	int numericValue[]={1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1,0};
	char *romanNumeral[]={"M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L"
									,"XL","X","IX","V","IV","I",0};
	
	for (int x=0; numericValue[x] > 0; ++x)
	{
		//cout<<endl<<numericValue[x]<<endl;
		while (m_decimalValue >= numericValue[x])
		{
			//cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl;
			//cout<<"current numericValue = "<<numericValue[x]<<endl<<endl;
			if(strlen(m_romanValue)==0)
			{
				strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			else
			{
				strcat(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			m_decimalValue  -= numericValue[x];
		}
	}
}// end of ConvertDecimalToRoman

void ClassRomanType:: ConvertRomanToDecimal()
{
	 int currentNumber = 0;	// Holds value of each letter numerical value
	 int previousNumber = 0; // Holds the numerical value being compared 
	 m_decimalValue=0; // Resets the current 'romanToDecimalValue' to zero

	 if(strcmp(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined")!=0)
	 {
		 for (int counter = strlen(m_romanValue)-1; counter >= 0; counter--)
		 {
			 if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'M') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'm'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1000;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'D') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'd'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 500;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'C') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'c'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 100;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'L') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'l'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 50;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'X') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'x'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 10;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'V') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'v'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 5;
			 }  
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'I') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'i'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 currentNumber = 0;
			 }
			 //cout<<"previousNumber = " <<previousNumber<<endl;
			 //cout<<"currentNumber = " <<currentNumber<<endl;

			 if (previousNumber > currentNumber)
			 {
				 m_decimalValue -= currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 m_decimalValue += currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }	
			 //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl<<endl;
		 }
	 }
}// end of ConvertRomanToDecimal

int ClassRomanType::ReturnDecimalNumber()
{
	return m_decimalValue;
}// end of ReturnDecimalNumber

string ClassRomanType::ReturnRomanNumber()
{
	return  m_romanValue;
}// end of ReturnRomanNumber

ClassRomanType::~ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File:  RomanType.cpp
//  Purpose:  Contains the implementation of the class members for the 
//  roman numeral conversion
//  
//  *NOTE*: Uncomment cout statements to visualize whats happening
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string> 
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;
 
ClassRomanType::ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// end of ClassRomanType
 
void ClassRomanType:: GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber)
{
	m_decimalValue = decimalNumber;
}// end of GetDecimalNumber
 
void ClassRomanType:: GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[])
{
	strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral);
}// end of GetRomanNumeral
 
void ClassRomanType:: ConvertDecimalToRoman()
{ 
	strcpy(m_romanValue,""); // erases any previous data
	int numericValue[]={1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1,0};
	char *romanNumeral[]={"M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L"
									,"XL","X","IX","V","IV","I",0};
	
	for (int x=0; numericValue[x] > 0; ++x)
	{
		//cout<<endl<<numericValue[x]<<endl;
		while (m_decimalValue >= numericValue[x])
		{
			//cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl;
			//cout<<"current numericValue = "<<numericValue[x]<<endl<<endl;
			if(strlen(m_romanValue)==0)
			{
				strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			else
			{
				strcat(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			m_decimalValue  -= numericValue[x];
		}
	}
}// end of ConvertDecimalToRoman
 
void ClassRomanType:: ConvertRomanToDecimal()
{
	 int currentNumber = 0;	// Holds value of each letter numerical value
	 int previousNumber = 0; // Holds the numerical value being compared 
	 m_decimalValue=0; // Resets the current 'romanToDecimalValue' to zero
 
	 if(strcmp(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined")!=0)
	 {
		 for (int counter = strlen(m_romanValue)-1; counter >= 0; counter--)
		 {
			 if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'M') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'm'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1000;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'D') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'd'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 500;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'C') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'c'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 100;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'L') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'l'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 50;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'X') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'x'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 10;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'V') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'v'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 5;
			 }  
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'I') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'i'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 currentNumber = 0;
			 }
			 //cout<<"previousNumber = " <<previousNumber<<endl;
			 //cout<<"currentNumber = " <<currentNumber<<endl;
 
			 if (previousNumber > currentNumber)
			 {
				 m_decimalValue -= currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 m_decimalValue += currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }	
			 //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl<<endl;
		 }
	 }
}// end of ConvertRomanToDecimal
 
int ClassRomanType::ReturnDecimalNumber()
{
	return m_decimalValue;
}// end of ReturnDecimalNumber
 
string ClassRomanType::ReturnRomanNumber()
{
	return  m_romanValue;
}// end of ReturnRomanNumber
 
ClassRomanType::~ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

From the following menu:
1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 9 You selected choice #9 which will: Error, you entered an invalid command! Please try again... -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: Currently Undefined -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 1 You selected choice #1 which will: Get Decimal Number Enter a Decimal Number: 1987 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 1987 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 3 You selected choice #3 which will: Convert from Decimal to Roman Running.... Complete! -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: MCMLXXXVII -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 2 You selected choice #2 which will: Get Roman Numeral Enter a Roman Numeral: mMxiI -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: mMxiI -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 4 You selected choice #4 which will: Convert from Roman to Decimal Running.... Complete! -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 2012 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 7
You selected choice #7 which will: Quit -------------------------------------------------------------------- Bye!

C++ || Snippet – Linked List Custom Template Stack Sample Code

April 09, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of sample code for a custom linked list template stack. This page differs from the previously highlighted array based template stack in that this version uses a singly linked list to store data rather than using an array.

Looking for sample code for a queue? Click here.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Structs Classes Template Classes - What Are They? Stacks LIFO - What Is It? #include < stack> Linked Lists - How To Use

This template class is a custom duplication of the Standard Template Library (STL) stack class. Whether you like building your own data structures, you simply do not like to use any inbuilt functions, opting to build everything yourself, or your homework requires you make your own data structure, this sample code is really useful. I feel its beneficial building functions such as this, that way you better understand the behind the scene processes.





		
		
			#include 'ClassStackListType.h'
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Apr 9, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  ClassStackListType.h
//    Description: This is a class which implements various functions
//          demonstrating the use of a stack. 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>         

template <class ItemType>
class StackListType
{
public:
    StackListType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables 
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */
    bool IsEmpty();
          /*   Function: Determines whether the stack is empty
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Function value = (stack is empty) */
    bool IsFull();
          /*   Function: Determines whether the stack is full
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Function value = (stack is full) */
    int Size();
          /*   Function: Return the current size of the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
                                   else newItem is at the top of the stack */
    void MakeEmpty();
          /*   Function: Empties the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Stack is empty */
    void Push(ItemType newItem);
          /*   Function: Adds newItem to the top of the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
                                   else newItem is at the top of the stack */
    ItemType Pop();
          /*   Function: Returns & then removes top item from the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
                                   else top element has been removed from the stack */
    ItemType Top();
          /*   Function: Returns the top item from the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
                                   else top element has been removed from the stack */
    ~StackListType();
          /*   Function: destructor deallocates class variables 
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: deallocates private variables */

private:
    struct NodeType
    {
          ItemType currentItem;  // Variable which hold all the incoming currentItem
          NodeType* next; // Creates a pointer that points to the next node in the list.
    };
    int size;          // Indicates the size of the stack	
    ItemType junk;
    NodeType* headPtr; // Creates a head pointer that will point to the begining of the list.
};

//=========================  Implementation  ================================//

template<class ItemType>
StackListType<ItemType>::StackListType()
{
    size = 0;
    headPtr = NULL;
}//     End of StackListType

template<class ItemType>
bool StackListType<ItemType>::IsEmpty()
{
    return (headPtr == NULL);
}//     End of IsEmpty

template<class ItemType>
bool StackListType<ItemType>::IsFull()
{    
    try
    {
        NodeType* tempPtr = new NodeType;
        delete tempPtr;
        return false;
    }
    catch(std::bad_alloc&)
    {
        return true;
    }
}//     End of IsFull

template<class ItemType>
int StackListType<ItemType>::Size()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
    }
    return size;
}//     End of Size

template<class ItemType>
void StackListType<ItemType>::MakeEmpty()
{
    size = 0;    
	
    if (!IsEmpty())
	{
        std::cout << "Destroying nodes ...n";

		while (!IsEmpty())
		{
			NodeType* tempPtr = headPtr;
			//std::cout << tempPtr-> currentItem << 'n';
			headPtr = headPtr-> next;
			delete tempPtr;
		}
	}     
}//     End of MakeEmpty

template<class ItemType>
void StackListType<ItemType>::Push(ItemType newItem)
{
    if(IsFull())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK FULLn";
        return;
    }
    NodeType* tempPtr = new NodeType;
    tempPtr-> currentItem = newItem;
    tempPtr-> next = headPtr;
    headPtr = tempPtr;
    ++size;
}//     End of Push

template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackListType<ItemType>::Pop()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
        return junk;
    }
    else
    {  
        ItemType data = headPtr-> currentItem;  
        NodeType* tempPtr = headPtr;
        headPtr = headPtr-> next;
        delete tempPtr;
        --size;
        return data;
    }
}//     End of Pop

template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackListType<ItemType>::Top()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
        return junk;
    }
    else
    { 
        return headPtr-> currentItem;
    }
}//     End of Top

template<class ItemType>
StackListType<ItemType>::~StackListType()
{
    MakeEmpty();   
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Apr 9, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  ClassStackListType.h
//    Description: This is a class which implements various functions
//          demonstrating the use of a stack. 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>         
 
template <class ItemType>
class StackListType
{
public:
    StackListType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables 
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */
    bool IsEmpty();
          /*   Function: Determines whether the stack is empty
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Function value = (stack is empty) */
    bool IsFull();
          /*   Function: Determines whether the stack is full
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Function value = (stack is full) */
    int Size();
          /*   Function: Return the current size of the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
                                   else newItem is at the top of the stack */
    void MakeEmpty();
          /*   Function: Empties the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: Stack is empty */
    void Push(ItemType newItem);
          /*   Function: Adds newItem to the top of the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
                                   else newItem is at the top of the stack */
    ItemType Pop();
          /*   Function: Returns & then removes top item from the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
                                   else top element has been removed from the stack */
    ItemType Top();
          /*   Function: Returns the top item from the stack
               Precondition: Stack has been initialized
               Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
                                   else top element has been removed from the stack */
    ~StackListType();
          /*   Function: destructor deallocates class variables 
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: deallocates private variables */
 
private:
    struct NodeType
    {
          ItemType currentItem;  // Variable which hold all the incoming currentItem
          NodeType* next; // Creates a pointer that points to the next node in the list.
    };
    int size;          // Indicates the size of the stack	
    ItemType junk;
    NodeType* headPtr; // Creates a head pointer that will point to the begining of the list.
};
 
//=========================  Implementation  ================================//
 
template<class ItemType>
StackListType<ItemType>::StackListType()
{
    size = 0;
    headPtr = NULL;
}//     End of StackListType
 
template<class ItemType>
bool StackListType<ItemType>::IsEmpty()
{
    return (headPtr == NULL);
}//     End of IsEmpty
 
template<class ItemType>
bool StackListType<ItemType>::IsFull()
{    
    try
    {
        NodeType* tempPtr = new NodeType;
        delete tempPtr;
        return false;
    }
    catch(std::bad_alloc&)
    {
        return true;
    }
}//     End of IsFull
 
template<class ItemType>
int StackListType<ItemType>::Size()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
    }
    return size;
}//     End of Size
 
template<class ItemType>
void StackListType<ItemType>::MakeEmpty()
{
    size = 0;    
	
    if (!IsEmpty())
	{
        std::cout << "Destroying nodes ...n";
 
		while (!IsEmpty())
		{
			NodeType* tempPtr = headPtr;
			//std::cout << tempPtr-> currentItem << 'n';
			headPtr = headPtr-> next;
			delete tempPtr;
		}
	}     
}//     End of MakeEmpty
 
template<class ItemType>
void StackListType<ItemType>::Push(ItemType newItem)
{
    if(IsFull())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK FULLn";
        return;
    }
    NodeType* tempPtr = new NodeType;
    tempPtr-> currentItem = newItem;
    tempPtr-> next = headPtr;
    headPtr = tempPtr;
    ++size;
}//     End of Push
 
template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackListType<ItemType>::Pop()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
        return junk;
    }
    else
    {  
        ItemType data = headPtr-> currentItem;  
        NodeType* tempPtr = headPtr;
        headPtr = headPtr-> next;
        delete tempPtr;
        --size;
        return data;
    }
}//     End of Pop
 
template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackListType<ItemType>::Top()
{
    if(IsEmpty())
    {
        std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
        return junk;
    }
    else
    { 
        return headPtr-> currentItem;
    }
}//     End of Top
 
template<class ItemType>
StackListType<ItemType>::~StackListType()
{
    MakeEmpty();   
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

===== DEMONSTRATION HOW TO USE =====

Use of the above template class is the same as its STL counterpart. Here is a sample program demonstrating its use.





		
		
			How To Use #include 'ClassStackListType.h'
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackListType.h"
using namespace std;

int  main()
{    // declare variables
     StackListType<char> charStack;
     StackListType<int> intStack;
     StackListType<float> floatStack;
     
     // ------ Char Example ------//
     char charArry[]="My Programming Notes Is Awesome";
     int counter=0;
     while(charArry[counter]!='\0')
     {
          charStack.Push(charArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"charStack has "<<charStack.Size()<<" items in itn"
     <<"and contains the text ""<<charArry<<"" backwards:n";
     while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          cout<<charStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<endl;     
     
     // ------ Int Example ------//
     int intArry[]={1,22,3,46,5,66,7,8,1987};
     counter=0;
     while(counter<9)
     {
          intStack.Push(intArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"nintStack has "<<intStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
     <<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
     counter=0;
     while(!intStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          counter+=intStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<counter<<endl;
     
     // ------ Float Example ------//
     float floatArry[]={41.6,2.8,43.9,4.4,19.87,6.23,7.787,68.99,9.6,81.540};
     float sum=0;
     counter=0;
     while(counter<10)
     {
          floatStack.Push(floatArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"nfloatStack has "<<floatStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
     <<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
     while(!floatStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          sum+=floatStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<sum<<endl;     
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackListType.h"
using namespace std;
 
int  main()
{    // declare variables
     StackListType<char> charStack;
     StackListType<int> intStack;
     StackListType<float> floatStack;
     
     // ------ Char Example ------//
     char charArry[]="My Programming Notes Is Awesome";
     int counter=0;
     while(charArry[counter]!='\0')
     {
          charStack.Push(charArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"charStack has "<<charStack.Size()<<" items in itn"
     <<"and contains the text ""<<charArry<<"" backwards:n";
     while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          cout<<charStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<endl;     
     
     // ------ Int Example ------//
     int intArry[]={1,22,3,46,5,66,7,8,1987};
     counter=0;
     while(counter<9)
     {
          intStack.Push(intArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"nintStack has "<<intStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
     <<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
     counter=0;
     while(!intStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          counter+=intStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<counter<<endl;
     
     // ------ Float Example ------//
     float floatArry[]={41.6,2.8,43.9,4.4,19.87,6.23,7.787,68.99,9.6,81.540};
     float sum=0;
     counter=0;
     while(counter<10)
     {
          floatStack.Push(floatArry[counter]);
          ++counter;
     }
     cout<<"nfloatStack has "<<floatStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
     <<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
     while(!floatStack.IsEmpty())
     {
          sum+=floatStack.Pop();
     }
     cout<<sum<<endl;     
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

charStack has 31 items in it and contains the text "My Programming Notes Is Awesome" backwards: emosewA sI setoN gnimmargorP yM
intStack has 9 items in it. The sum of the numbers in the stack is: 2145
floatStack has 10 items in it. The sum of the numbers in the stack is: 286.717

C++ || “One Size Fits All” – BubbleSort Which Works For Integer, Float, & Char Arrays

April 03, 2012 admin No comments

Here is another sorting algorithm, which sorts data that is contained in an array. The difference between this method, and the previous methods of sorting data is that this method works with multiple data types, all in one function. So for example, if you wanted to sort an integer and a character array within the same program, the code demonstrated on this page has the ability to sort both data types, eliminating the need to make two separate sorting functions for the two different data types.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Integer Arrays Character Arrays BubbleSort Pointers Function Pointers - What Are They? Memcpy Sizeof Sizet Malloc





		
		
			BubbleSort - One Size Fits All
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void BubbleSort(void* list, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*));
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width);
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b);
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b);

// constant variable for int arrays
const int NUM_INTS=14;

int main()
{
	// seed random number generator
	srand(time(NULL));

	// ===================    INT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	int intNumbers[100];
	int numInts=0;	

	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		intNumbers[x] =rand()%100+1;
	} 

	cout<<"Original values in the int array:n";
	// show original data to the user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in an 
	// integer array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "IntCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(intNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(int),IntCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the int array:n";
	// display sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}

	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
	
	// ===================    FLOAT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	float floatNumbers[100];

	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		floatNumbers[x] =(rand()%100+1)+(0.5);
	} 
	
	cout<<"Original values in the float array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a
	// float array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "FloatCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(floatNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(float),FloatCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the float array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";

	// ===================    CHAR EXAMPLE    =================== //
	char* names[100]={"This", "Is","Random","Text","Brought","To",
							"You","By","My","Programming","Notes"};
	int numNames=11;	

	cout<<"Original values in the char array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a 
	// char array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "StrCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(names,numNames,sizeof(char*),StrCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the char array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}				
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void BubbleSort(void* arry, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*))
{// this function sorts the received array
	bool sorted = false;
	
	do{
		sorted = true;
		for(unsigned int x=0; x < nelm-1; ++x)
		{
			if(cmp((((char*)arry)+(x*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size))) > 0)
			{
				Swap((((char*)arry)+((x)*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size)),size);
				sorted=false;
			}
		}
		--nelm;
	}while(!sorted);
}// end of BubbleSort					

void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width)
{// this function swaps the values in the array
	void *tmp = malloc(width);
	memcpy(tmp, a, width);
	memcpy(a, b, width);
	memcpy(b, tmp, width);
	free(tmp);
}// end of Swap

int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two float values together
	return (*(float*)a - *(float*)b);
}// end of FloatCompare

int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two int values together
	return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}// end of IntCompare

int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b)
{// this function compares two char values together
  return(strcmp(*(const char **)a, *(const char **)b));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void BubbleSort(void* list, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*));
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width);
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b);
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
 
// constant variable for int arrays
const int NUM_INTS=14;
 
int main()
{
	// seed random number generator
	srand(time(NULL));
 
	// ===================    INT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	int intNumbers[100];
	int numInts=0;	
 
	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		intNumbers[x] =rand()%100+1;
	} 
 
	cout<<"Original values in the int array:n";
	// show original data to the user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in an 
	// integer array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "IntCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(intNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(int),IntCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the int array:n";
	// display sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
 
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
	
	// ===================    FLOAT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	float floatNumbers[100];
 
	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		floatNumbers[x] =(rand()%100+1)+(0.5);
	} 
	
	cout<<"Original values in the float array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a
	// float array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "FloatCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(floatNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(float),FloatCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the float array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
 
	// ===================    CHAR EXAMPLE    =================== //
	char* names[100]={"This", "Is","Random","Text","Brought","To",
							"You","By","My","Programming","Notes"};
	int numNames=11;	
 
	cout<<"Original values in the char array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a 
	// char array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "StrCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(names,numNames,sizeof(char*),StrCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the char array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}				
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void BubbleSort(void* arry, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*))
{// this function sorts the received array
	bool sorted = false;
	
	do{
		sorted = true;
		for(unsigned int x=0; x < nelm-1; ++x)
		{
			if(cmp((((char*)arry)+(x*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size))) > 0)
			{
				Swap((((char*)arry)+((x)*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size)),size);
				sorted=false;
			}
		}
		--nelm;
	}while(!sorted);
}// end of BubbleSort					
 
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width)
{// this function swaps the values in the array
	void *tmp = malloc(width);
	memcpy(tmp, a, width);
	memcpy(a, b, width);
	memcpy(b, tmp, width);
	free(tmp);
}// end of Swap
 
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two float values together
	return (*(float*)a - *(float*)b);
}// end of FloatCompare
 
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two int values together
	return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}// end of IntCompare
 
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b)
{// this function compares two char values together
  return(strcmp(*(const char **)a, *(const char **)b));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Notice, the same function declaration is being used for all 3 different data types, with the only difference between each function call are the parameters which are being sent out.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: The function works for all three data types)

Original values in the int array: 44 91 43 22 20 100 77 80 84 60 47 91 51 81
The sorted values in the int array: 20 22 43 44 47 51 60 77 80 81 84 91 91 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Original values in the float array: 49.5 30.5 67.5 50.5 29.5 89.5 78.5 80.5 54.5 7.5 54.5 38.5 56.5 70.5 The sorted values in the float array: 7.5 29.5 30.5 38.5 49.5 50.5 54.5 54.5 56.5 67.5 70.5 78.5 80.5 89.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Original values in the char array: This Is Random Text Brought To You By My Programming Notes
The sorted values in the char array: Brought By Is My Notes Programming Random Text This To You

C++ || Snippet – Array Based Custom Template Stack Sample Code

March 22, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of sample code for a custom array based template stack.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Classes Template Classes - What Are They? Stacks LIFO - What Is It? #include < stack>





		
		
			#include 'ClassStackType.h'
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 22, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  ClassStackType.h
//    Description: This is a class which implements various functions
//          demonstrating the use of a stack. 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>

template <class ItemType>
class StackType
{
public:
	StackType();
		/*   Function: constructor initializes class variables 
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: defines private variables */
	bool IsEmpty();
		/*   Function: Determines whether the stack is empty
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Function value = (stack is empty) */
	bool IsFull();
		/*   Function: Determines whether the stack is full
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Function value = (stack is full) */
	int Size();
		/*   Function: Return the current size of the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
							else newItem is at the top of the stack */	
	void MakeEmpty();
		/*   Function: Empties the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Stack is empty */
	void Push(ItemType newItem);
		/*   Function: Adds newItem to the top of the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
							else newItem is at the top of the stack */
	ItemType Pop();
		/*   Function: Returns & then removes top item from the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
							else top element has been removed from the stack */
	ItemType Top();
		/*   Function: Returns the top item from the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
							else top element has been removed from the stack */
	~StackType();
		/*   Function: destructor deallocates class variables 
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: deallocates private variables */

private:
	int top;		// indicates which element is on top
	int MAX_ITEMS;     // max number of items in the list
	ItemType stack[200];	// array holding the popped/pushed data
};

//=========================  Implementation  ================================//

template<class ItemType>
StackType<ItemType>::StackType()
{
	top = -1;
	MAX_ITEMS = 200;
}//	End of StackType

template<class ItemType>
bool StackType<ItemType>::IsEmpty()
{
	return (top == -1);
}//	End of IsEmpty

template<class ItemType>
bool StackType<ItemType>::IsFull()
{
	return (top==(MAX_ITEMS-1));
}//	End of IsFull

template<class ItemType>
int StackType<ItemType>::Size()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}
	return top+1;
}//	End of Size

template<class ItemType>
void StackType<ItemType>::MakeEmpty()
{
	top = -1;
}//	End of MakeEmpty

template<class ItemType>
void StackType<ItemType>::Push(ItemType newItem)
{
	if(IsFull())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK FULLn";
		return;
	}
	stack[++top]=newItem;
}//	End of Push

template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackType<ItemType>::Pop()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}	
	return(stack[top--]);
}//	End of Pop

template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackType<ItemType>::Top()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}
	return(stack[top]);
}//	End of Top

template<class ItemType>
StackType<ItemType>::~StackType()
{
	top = -1;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 22, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  ClassStackType.h
//    Description: This is a class which implements various functions
//          demonstrating the use of a stack. 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
 
template <class ItemType>
class StackType
{
public:
	StackType();
		/*   Function: constructor initializes class variables 
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: defines private variables */
	bool IsEmpty();
		/*   Function: Determines whether the stack is empty
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Function value = (stack is empty) */
	bool IsFull();
		/*   Function: Determines whether the stack is full
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Function value = (stack is full) */
	int Size();
		/*   Function: Return the current size of the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
							else newItem is at the top of the stack */	
	void MakeEmpty();
		/*   Function: Empties the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: Stack is empty */
	void Push(ItemType newItem);
		/*   Function: Adds newItem to the top of the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is full) exception FullStack is thrown
							else newItem is at the top of the stack */
	ItemType Pop();
		/*   Function: Returns & then removes top item from the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
							else top element has been removed from the stack */
	ItemType Top();
		/*   Function: Returns the top item from the stack
			Precondition: Stack has been initialized
			Postcondition: If (stack is empty) exception EmptyStack is thrown
							else top element has been removed from the stack */
	~StackType();
		/*   Function: destructor deallocates class variables 
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: deallocates private variables */
 
private:
	int top;		// indicates which element is on top
	int MAX_ITEMS;     // max number of items in the list
	ItemType stack[200];	// array holding the popped/pushed data
};
 
//=========================  Implementation  ================================//
 
template<class ItemType>
StackType<ItemType>::StackType()
{
	top = -1;
	MAX_ITEMS = 200;
}//	End of StackType
 
template<class ItemType>
bool StackType<ItemType>::IsEmpty()
{
	return (top == -1);
}//	End of IsEmpty
 
template<class ItemType>
bool StackType<ItemType>::IsFull()
{
	return (top==(MAX_ITEMS-1));
}//	End of IsFull
 
template<class ItemType>
int StackType<ItemType>::Size()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}
	return top+1;
}//	End of Size
 
template<class ItemType>
void StackType<ItemType>::MakeEmpty()
{
	top = -1;
}//	End of MakeEmpty
 
template<class ItemType>
void StackType<ItemType>::Push(ItemType newItem)
{
	if(IsFull())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK FULLn";
		return;
	}
	stack[++top]=newItem;
}//	End of Push
 
template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackType<ItemType>::Pop()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}	
	return(stack[top--]);
}//	End of Pop
 
template<class ItemType>
ItemType StackType<ItemType>::Top()
{
	if(IsEmpty())
	{
		std::cout<<"nSTACK EMPTYn";
		return('?');
	}
	return(stack[top]);
}//	End of Top
 
template<class ItemType>
StackType<ItemType>::~StackType()
{
	top = -1;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

===== DEMONSTRATION HOW TO USE =====

Use of the above template class is the same as its STL counterpart. Here is a sample program demonstrating its use.





		
		
			How To Use #include 'ClassStackType.h'
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;

int  main()
{    // declare variables
	StackType<char> charStack;
	StackType<int> intStack;
	StackType<float> floatStack;
	
	// ------ Char Example ------//
	char charArry[]="My Programming Notes";
	int counter=0;
	while(charArry[counter]!='�')
	{
		charStack.Push(charArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"charStack has "<<charStack.Size()<<" items in itn"
	<<"and contains the text: "<<charArry<<" backwards ";
	while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		cout<<charStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<endl;	
	
	// ------ Int Example ------//
	int intArry[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
	counter=0;
	while(counter<9)
	{
		intStack.Push(intArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"intStack has "<<intStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
	<<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
	counter=0;
	while(!intStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		counter+=intStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<counter<<endl;
	
	// ------ Float Example ------//
	float floatArry[]={1.6,2.8,3.9,4.4,5.987,6.23,7.787,8.99,9.6,1.540};
	float sum=0;
	counter=0;
	while(counter<10)
	{
		floatStack.Push(floatArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"floatStack has "<<floatStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
	<<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
	while(!floatStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		sum+=floatStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<sum<<endl;	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;
 
int  main()
{    // declare variables
	StackType<char> charStack;
	StackType<int> intStack;
	StackType<float> floatStack;
	
	// ------ Char Example ------//
	char charArry[]="My Programming Notes";
	int counter=0;
	while(charArry[counter]!='')
	{
		charStack.Push(charArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"charStack has "<<charStack.Size()<<" items in itn"
	<<"and contains the text: "<<charArry<<" backwards ";
	while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		cout<<charStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<endl;	
	
	// ------ Int Example ------//
	int intArry[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
	counter=0;
	while(counter<9)
	{
		intStack.Push(intArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"intStack has "<<intStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
	<<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
	counter=0;
	while(!intStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		counter+=intStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<counter<<endl;
	
	// ------ Float Example ------//
	float floatArry[]={1.6,2.8,3.9,4.4,5.987,6.23,7.787,8.99,9.6,1.540};
	float sum=0;
	counter=0;
	while(counter<10)
	{
		floatStack.Push(floatArry[counter]);
		++counter;
	}
	cout<<"floatStack has "<<floatStack.Size()<<" items in it.n"
	<<"The sum of the numbers in the stack is: ";
	while(!floatStack.IsEmpty())
	{
		sum+=floatStack.Pop();
	}
	cout<<sum<<endl;	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

charStack has 20 items in it and contains the text: My Programming Notes backwards setoN gnimmargorP yM
intStack has 9 items in it. The sum of the numbers in the stack is: 45
floatStack has 10 items in it. The sum of the numbers in the stack is: 52.834

C++ || Snippet – How To Reverse An Integer Using Modulus & While Loop

March 15, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of a simple program which demonstrates how to reverse an integer (not an int array) using modulus and a while loop.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Functions Modulus While Loops





		
		
			Reversing An Integer
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// function prototype
int ReverseNumber(int number);

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number = 0;
	int numReversed = 0;

	// get data from user
	cout << "Enter a number: ";
	cin >> number;

	// function call which will return the reversed number
	numReversed = ReverseNumber(number);

	// display new data to user
	cout <<endl<< number << " reversed is: "<< numReversed <<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

int ReverseNumber(int number)
{
	// declare function variable
	int rev=0;

	while(number > 0)
	{
		rev = rev * 10 + (number % 10);
		number = number/10;
	}

	return rev;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototype
int ReverseNumber(int number);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number = 0;
	int numReversed = 0;
 
	// get data from user
	cout << "Enter a number: ";
	cin >> number;
 
	// function call which will return the reversed number
	numReversed = ReverseNumber(number);
 
	// display new data to user
	cout <<endl<< number << " reversed is: "<< numReversed <<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
int ReverseNumber(int number)
{
	// declare function variable
	int rev=0;
 
	while(number > 0)
	{
		rev = rev * 10 + (number % 10);
		number = number/10;
	}
 
	return rev;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compiled three separate times to display different output)

==== RUN #1 ====
Enter a number: 2012 2012 reversed is: 2102 ==== RUN #2 ==== Enter a number: 1987 1987 reversed is: 7891 ==== RUN #3 ====
Enter a number: 241 241 reversed is: 142

C++ || Char Array – Convert Text Contained In A Character Array From Lower To UPPERCASE

February 25, 2012 admin No comments

This program demonstrates how to switch text which is contained in a char array from lower to UPPERCASE. This program also demonstrates how to convert all of the text contained in a char array to lower/UPPERCASE.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline Islower Isupper Tolower Toupper Strlen While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Setw

Using a constant integer value, this program first asks the user to enter in 3 lines of text they wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE. Upon obtaining the information from the user, the program then converts all the text which was placed into the character array from lower to uppercase in the following order:

(1) Switches the text from lower to UPPERCASE (2) Converts all the text to UPPERCASE (3) Converts all the text to lowercase

After each conversion is complete, the program displays the updated information to the screen via cout.

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib>, #include < cctype>, and #include < cstring> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Convert Text From Lower To UPPERCASE
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;

// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];

	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	return 0;
}// end of main

void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper

void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper

void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/ 
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;
 
// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];
 
	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Click here to see how cin.getline works.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Please enter 3 line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE: #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? #3: My Programming Notes.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. Text #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? Text #3: My Programming Notes. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE: Text #1: i sTRIkE HIm A HEavY BLOw. Text #2: wHEN CaN THE NErVE sHINe? Text #3: mY pROGRAMMING nOTES. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all UPPERCASE: Text #1: I STRIKE HIM A HEAVY BLOW. Text #2: WHEN CAN THE NERVE SHINE? Text #3: MY PROGRAMMING NOTES.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all lowercase: Text #1: i strike him a heavy blow. Text #2: when can the nerve shine? Text #3: my programming notes.

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