for loop – Page 2 – My Programming Notes

Tag Archives: for loop

Java || Compute The Sum From A String Of Integers & Display Each Number Individually

June 03, 2012 admin No comments

Here is a simple program, which was presented in a Java course. This program was used to introduce the input/output mechanisms which are available in Java. This assignment was modeled after Exercise 2.30, taken from the textbook “Java How to Program” (early objects) (9th Edition) (Deitel). It is the same exercise in both the 8th and 9th editions.

Our class was asked to make a program which prompts the user to enter a non-negative integer into the system. The program was supposed to then extract the digits from the inputted number, displaying them each individually, separated by a white space (” “). After the digits are displayed, the program was then supposed to display the sum of those digits to the screen. So for example, if the user inputted the number “39465,” the program would output the numbers 3 9 4 6 5 individually, and then the sum of 27.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

How To Get String Input If/Else Statements Do/While Loops For Loops Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They? ParseInt - Convert String To Integer Substring Try/Catch





		
		
			Compute The Sum From A String Of Numbers
			
Java
			
			import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.Math;

public class SumFromString
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char question = 'n';
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   do{// this is the start of the do/while loop	   
		   int sum = 0;
		   
		   // get data from the user
		   System.out.print("nEnter a non negative integer: ");
		   userInput = cin.nextLine();
		   
		   System.out.println("");
		   
		   // if the string isnt a number, dont compute the sum
		   if(!IsNumeric(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is not a number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter digits only!");	
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a negative number, dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsNegative(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a negative number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive digits only!");
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a decimal number (i.e 19.87), dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsDecimal(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a decimal number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive whole numbers only!");		  		
		   }
		   
		   // if everything else checks out OK, then compute the sum
		   else
		   {
			   System.out.print("The digits are: ");
			   sum = ComputeSum(userInput); 
			   System.out.println("and the sum is " + sum);
		   }
		   
		   // ask user if they want to enter more data
		   System.out.print("nDo you have more data for input? (Y/N): ");
		   String response = cin.nextLine();
		   response=response.toLowerCase();
		   question = response.charAt(0);
		   
		   System.out.println("n------------------------------------------------");
		   
	   }while(question == 'y');
	   
	   System.out.print("nBYE!n");
   }// end of main
   
   public static boolean IsNumeric(String str)  
   {// checks to see if a string is a number  
	   try
	   { 
		   Double.parseDouble(str);
		   return true;		   
	   }
	   catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
	   { 
		   return false;
	   }
   }// end of IsNumeric
   
   public static boolean IsNegative(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a negative number  
	   return Double.parseDouble(str) < 0;
   }// end of IsNegative   
   
   public static boolean IsDecimal(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a decimal number  
	   return (Math.floor(Double.parseDouble(str))) != Double.parseDouble(str);
   }// end of IsDecimal
   
   public static int ComputeSum(String userInput)
   {// displays each number individually & computes the sum of the string 
	   int sum = 0;
	   String[] temp = new String[userInput.length()];
	   
	   for(int counter=0; counter < userInput.length(); ++counter)
	   {
		   temp[counter] = userInput.substring(counter,counter+1); 
		   System.out.print(temp[counter] + " ");
		   sum = sum + Integer.parseInt(temp[counter]);
	   }
	   return sum;
   }// end of ComputeSum
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.Math;
 
public class SumFromString
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
	   // declare variables
	   char question = 'n';
	   String userInput= " ";
	   Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
	   
	   // display message to screen
	   System.out.println("nWelcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.");
	   
	   do{// this is the start of the do/while loop	   
		   int sum = 0;
		   
		   // get data from the user
		   System.out.print("nEnter a non negative integer: ");
		   userInput = cin.nextLine();
		   
		   System.out.println("");
		   
		   // if the string isnt a number, dont compute the sum
		   if(!IsNumeric(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is not a number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter digits only!");	
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a negative number, dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsNegative(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a negative number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive digits only!");
		   }
		   
		   // if the string is a decimal number (i.e 19.87), dont compute the sum
		   else if(IsDecimal(userInput))
		   {
			   System.out.println(userInput+" is a decimal number...");
			   System.out.println("Please enter positive whole numbers only!");		  		
		   }
		   
		   // if everything else checks out OK, then compute the sum
		   else
		   {
			   System.out.print("The digits are: ");
			   sum = ComputeSum(userInput); 
			   System.out.println("and the sum is " + sum);
		   }
		   
		   // ask user if they want to enter more data
		   System.out.print("nDo you have more data for input? (Y/N): ");
		   String response = cin.nextLine();
		   response=response.toLowerCase();
		   question = response.charAt(0);
		   
		   System.out.println("n------------------------------------------------");
		   
	   }while(question == 'y');
	   
	   System.out.print("nBYE!n");
   }// end of main
   
   public static boolean IsNumeric(String str)  
   {// checks to see if a string is a number  
	   try
	   { 
		   Double.parseDouble(str);
		   return true;		   
	   }
	   catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
	   { 
		   return false;
	   }
   }// end of IsNumeric
   
   public static boolean IsNegative(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a negative number  
	   return Double.parseDouble(str) < 0;
   }// end of IsNegative   
   
   public static boolean IsDecimal(String str)  
   {// checks to see if string is a decimal number  
	   return (Math.floor(Double.parseDouble(str))) != Double.parseDouble(str);
   }// end of IsDecimal
   
   public static int ComputeSum(String userInput)
   {// displays each number individually & computes the sum of the string 
	   int sum = 0;
	   String[] temp = new String[userInput.length()];
	   
	   for(int counter=0; counter < userInput.length(); ++counter)
	   {
		   temp[counter] = userInput.substring(counter,counter+1); 
		   System.out.print(temp[counter] + " ");
		   sum = sum + Integer.parseInt(temp[counter]);
	   }
	   return sum;
   }// end of ComputeSum
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Enter a non negative integer: 0 The digits are: 0 and the sum is 0 Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: 39465 The digits are: 3 9 4 6 5 and the sum is 27 Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: H3ll0 W0rld H3ll0 W0rld is not a number... Please enter digits only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: -98 -98 is a negative number... Please enter positive digits only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): y ------------------------------------------------ Enter a non negative integer: 19.87 19.87 is a decimal number... Please enter positive whole numbers only! Do you have more data for input? (Y/N): n ------------------------------------------------
BYE!

C++ || Char Array – Determine If A String Is A Number Or Not

May 24, 2012 admin No comments

The following is another intermediate homework assignment which was presented in a C++ programming course. This program was assigned to introduce more practice using and manipulating character arrays.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline Strlen - Get The Length Of A Char Array Isalpha Isspace

This program first prompts the user to input a line of text. After it obtains data from the user, using a for loop, it then displays the the string to the screen one letter (char) at a time. If the current character at that specific array index is a letter, a “flag” is set, indicating that the current word which is being displayed is not a number. If the “flag” is not set, the current word is indeed a number.

This program has the ability to intake multiple words at a time, so for example, if the user input was “Hello World 2012” the program would display the output:

Hello is NOT a number! World is NOT a number! 2012 is a number..





		
		
			Determine If A String Is A Number Or Not
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 24, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  isNumber.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates checking if a char array is a number
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;

// function prototype
void IsArryANum(char arry[]);

int main()
{
    // declare & initialize variables
    char arry[256];

    // obtain data from user
    cout << "Enter some text to see if its a number or not: "; 
    cin.getline(arry, sizeof(arry)); // getting line
    
    cout<<endl;         
    IsArryANum(arry);

    return 0;
}// end of main

void IsArryANum(char arry[])
{
    int notANumber = 0;
    int length = strlen(arry);
    
    // get the length of the char array
    // and place a [space] at the end of it. Then
    // set the array index after the [space] to NULL    
    arry[length] = ' ';
    arry[length + 1] = '\0';
    
    // increment the length to account for the space we just added
    ++length;
    
    for(int x = 0; x < length; ++x)
    {       
        cout <<arry[x]; // display the char at the current index

        // if the current char isnt a number, increment counter
        if(isalpha(arry[x])) 
        {
            ++notANumber;
        }
        // if curerent char is a space, that indicates we are 
        // at the end of the current word, so we 
        // display the results to the user
        else if(isspace(arry[x])) 
        {
            if (notANumber > 0)
            {               
                cout <<"is NOT a number!"
                    <<" There are "<<notANumber<<" letters"
                    <<" in that word...\n";
            }           
            else
            {
                cout <<"is a number..\n";
            }
            notANumber = 0;
        }
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 24, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  isNumber.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates checking if a char array is a number
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototype
void IsArryANum(char arry[]);
 
int main()
{
    // declare & initialize variables
    char arry[256];
 
    // obtain data from user
    cout << "Enter some text to see if its a number or not: "; 
    cin.getline(arry, sizeof(arry)); // getting line
    
    cout<<endl;         
    IsArryANum(arry);
 
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void IsArryANum(char arry[])
{
    int notANumber = 0;
    int length = strlen(arry);
    
    // get the length of the char array
    // and place a [space] at the end of it. Then
    // set the array index after the [space] to NULL    
    arry[length] = ' ';
    arry[length + 1] = '\0';
    
    // increment the length to account for the space we just added
    ++length;
    
    for(int x = 0; x < length; ++x)
    {       
        cout <<arry[x]; // display the char at the current index
 
        // if the current char isnt a number, increment counter
        if(isalpha(arry[x])) 
        {
            ++notANumber;
        }
        // if curerent char is a space, that indicates we are 
        // at the end of the current word, so we 
        // display the results to the user
        else if(isspace(arry[x])) 
        {
            if (notANumber > 0)
            {               
                cout <<"is NOT a number!"
                    <<" There are "<<notANumber<<" letters"
                    <<" in that word...\n";
            }           
            else
            {
                cout <<"is a number..\n";
            }
            notANumber = 0;
        }
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compiled three separate times to display different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
Enter some text to see if its a number or not: My Programming Notes My is NOT a number! There are 2 letters in that word... Programming is NOT a number! There are 11 letters in that word... Notes is NOT a number! There are 5 letters in that word... ====== RUN 2 ====== Enter some text to see if its a number or not: May 30th 2012 May is NOT a number! There are 3 letters in that word... 30th is NOT a number! There are 2 letters in that word... 2012 is a number.. ====== RUN 3 ====== Enter some text to see if its a number or not: 5 31 2012
5 is a number.. 31 is a number.. 2012 is a number..

C++ || FizzBuzz – Tackling The Fizz Buzz Test In C++

May 10, 2012 admin No comments

What is Fizz Buzz?

Simply put, a “Fizz-Buzz test” is a programming interview question designed to help filter out potential job prospects – those who can’t seem to program if their life depended on it.

An example of a typical Fizz-Buzz question is the following:

Write a program which prints the numbers from 1 to 100. But for multiples of three, print the word “Fizz” instead of the number, and for the multiples of five, print the word “Buzz”. For numbers which are multiples of both three and five, print the word “FizzBuzz”.

This seems easy enough, and many should be able to complete a program which carries out a solution in a few minutes. Though, after doing a little research, apparently that is not the case. This page will present one way to carry out a solution to this Fizz-Buzz problem.

There is a small “catch” that some may encounter when trying to solve this problem, and that is the fact that the conditional statement for the number divisible by 15 should come before each sequential conditional statement. Consider this pseudocode:





		
		
			// A simple Fizz-Buzz algorithm using a while loop

'currentNumber' = 1
while('currentNumber' is less than or equal to 100)
{
    if('currentNumber' is divisible by 3) AND ('currentNumber' is divisible by 5)
        print "FizzBuzz"
    else if('currentNumber' is divisible by 3)
        print "Fizz"
    else if('currentNumber' is divisible by 5)
        print "Buzz"
    else // 'currentNumber' is not divisible by 3 or 5 
        print 'currentNumber'
    increment 'currentNumber' by one
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// A simple Fizz-Buzz algorithm using a while loop
 
'currentNumber' = 1
while('currentNumber' is less than or equal to 100)
{
    if('currentNumber' is divisible by 3) AND ('currentNumber' is divisible by 5)
        print "FizzBuzz"
    else if('currentNumber' is divisible by 3)
        print "Fizz"
    else if('currentNumber' is divisible by 5)
        print "Buzz"
    else // 'currentNumber' is not divisible by 3 or 5 
        print 'currentNumber'
    increment 'currentNumber' by one
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

The portion that may make this problem tricky for some is the fact that the conditional statement for the number divisible by 15 must be checked -before- the conditional statements which checks for numbers divisible by 3 and 5. If the conditional statements are placed in any other order, the end result will not be correct, which is what can make the problem difficult for many.

======= THE FIZZ BUZZ TEST =======

So building upon the pseudocode found from above, utilizing the modulus operator, here is a simple solution to the Fizz Buzz Test





		
		
			The Fizz Buzz Test
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 10, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  fizzbuzz.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates the fizz buzz test
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int fizz = 3;
    int buzz = 5;
    int endNumber = 100;
    int fizzBuzz = fizz * buzz; 
    // ^ numbers divisible by 3 and 5 are also divisible by 3 * 5

    // start the loop, continue until the counter 
    // reaches the 'end'
    for (int currentNumber = 1; currentNumber <= endNumber; ++currentNumber)
    {
        if (currentNumber % fizzBuzz == 0) // divisible by 3 and 5
        {
            cout<<"FIZZ BUZZ!!\n";
        }
        else if (currentNumber % fizz == 0) // divisible by 3
        {
            cout<<"FIZZ\n";
        }
        else if (currentNumber % buzz == 0)// divisible by 5
        {
            cout<<"BUZZ\n";
        }
        else // not divisible by 3 or 5
        {
            cout<<currentNumber<<endl;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   May 10, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  fizzbuzz.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates the fizz buzz test
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int fizz = 3;
    int buzz = 5;
    int endNumber = 100;
    int fizzBuzz = fizz * buzz; 
    // ^ numbers divisible by 3 and 5 are also divisible by 3 * 5
 
    // start the loop, continue until the counter 
    // reaches the 'end'
    for (int currentNumber = 1; currentNumber <= endNumber; ++currentNumber)
    {
        if (currentNumber % fizzBuzz == 0) // divisible by 3 and 5
        {
            cout<<"FIZZ BUZZ!!\n";
        }
        else if (currentNumber % fizz == 0) // divisible by 3
        {
            cout<<"FIZZ\n";
        }
        else if (currentNumber % buzz == 0)// divisible by 5
        {
            cout<<"BUZZ\n";
        }
        else // not divisible by 3 or 5
        {
            cout<<currentNumber<<endl;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

1 2 FIZZ 4 BUZZ FIZZ 7 8 FIZZ BUZZ 11 FIZZ 13 14 FIZZ BUZZ!! 16 17 FIZZ 19 BUZZ FIZZ 22 23 FIZZ BUZZ 26 FIZZ 28 29 FIZZ BUZZ!! 31 32 FIZZ 34 BUZZ FIZZ 37 38 FIZZ BUZZ 41 FIZZ 43 44 FIZZ BUZZ!! 46 47 FIZZ 49 BUZZ FIZZ 52 53 FIZZ BUZZ 56 FIZZ 58 59 FIZZ BUZZ!! 61 62 FIZZ 64 BUZZ FIZZ 67 68 FIZZ BUZZ 71 FIZZ 73 74 FIZZ BUZZ!! 76 77 FIZZ 79 BUZZ FIZZ 82 83 FIZZ BUZZ 86 FIZZ 88 89 FIZZ BUZZ!! 91 92 FIZZ 94 BUZZ FIZZ 97 98 FIZZ BUZZ

C++ || Class – Roman Numeral To Integer & Integer To Roman Numeral Conversion

April 10, 2012 admin No comments

Click Here For Updated Version Of Program

The following is another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. This program was assigned in order to practice the use of the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Header Files - How To Use Them Class - What Is It? Do/While Loop Passing a Value By Reference Roman Numerals - How Do You Convert To Decimal? Online Roman Numeral Converter - Check For Correct Results

This is an interactive program in which the user has the option of selecting from 7 modes of operation. Of those modes, the user has the option of entering in roman numerals for conversion, entering in decimal numbers for conversion, displaying the recently entered number, and finally converting between roman or decimal values.

A sample of the menu is as followed:
(Where the user would enter numbers 1-7 to select a choice)





		
		
			From the following menu:

1.  Enter a Decimal number
2.  Enter a Roman Numeral
3.  Convert from Decimal to Roman
4.  Convert from Roman to Decimal
5.  Print the current Decimal number
6.  Print the current Roman Numeral
7.  Quit

Please enter a selection:
			
				
					
				
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						From the following menu:
 
1.  Enter a Decimal number
2.  Enter a Roman Numeral
3.  Convert from Decimal to Roman
4.  Convert from Roman to Decimal
5.  Print the current Decimal number
6.  Print the current Roman Numeral
7.  Quit
 
Please enter a selection:

This program was implemented into 3 different files (two .cpp files, and one header file .h). So the code for this program will be broken up into 3 sections, the main file (.cpp), the header file (.h), and the implementation of the functions within the header file (.cpp).

======== FILE #1 – Menu.cpp ========

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			File #1 - Menu.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File: Menu.cpp
//  Purpose: Converts a number enetered in Decimal to Roman Numeral and a 
//  Roman Numeral to a Decimal Number 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int GetCommand(int command);
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject);

int main()
{
	int command=7;	// Holds which action the user chooses to make
	ClassRomanType	romanObject;	// Gives access to the class

	do{
		DisplayMenu();
		command = GetCommand(command);
		RunChoice(command, romanObject);
		cout<<"n--------------------------------------------------------------------n";
	}while(command!=7);

	cout<<"nBye!n";

	return 0;
}// End of main

void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject)
{// Function: Execute the choice selected from the menu

	// declare private variables
	int decimalNumber=0;	// Holds decimal value
	char romanNumeral[150];	//Holds value of roman numeral

	// execute the desired choice
	cout <<"ntYou selected choice #"<<command<<" which will: ";
	switch(command)
	{
	case 1:
		cout << "Get Decimal Numbernn";
		cout <<"Enter a Decimal Number: ";
		cin >> decimalNumber;
		romanObject.GetDecimalNumber(decimalNumber);
		break;
	case 2:
		cout << "Get Roman Numeralnn";
		cout <<"nEnter a Roman Numeral: ";
		cin >> romanNumeral;
		romanObject.GetRomanNumeral(romanNumeral);
		break;
	case 3:
		cout << "Convert from Decimal to Romannn";
		romanObject.ConvertDecimalToRoman();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 4:
		cout << "Convert from Roman to Decimalnn";
		romanObject.ConvertRomanToDecimal();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 5:
		cout << "Print the current Decimal numbernn";
		cout<<"n The current Roman to Decimal Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnDecimalNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 6:
		cout << "Print the current Roman Numeralnn";
		cout<<"n The current Decimal to Roman Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnRomanNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 7:
		cout << "Quitnn";
		break;
	default:
		cout << "nError, you entered an invalid command!nPlease try again...";
		break;
	}
}//End of RunChoice

int GetCommand(int command)
{// Function: Gets choice from menu
	cout <<"nPlease enter a selection: ";
	cin>> command;
	return command;
}// End of GetCommand

void DisplayMenu()
{// Function: Displays menu
	cout <<"From the following menu:n"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"1."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"2."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"3."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Decimal to Roman"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"4."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Roman to Decimal"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"5."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"6."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"7."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Quit"<<endl;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File: Menu.cpp
//  Purpose: Converts a number enetered in Decimal to Roman Numeral and a 
//  Roman Numeral to a Decimal Number 
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int GetCommand(int command);
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject);
 
int main()
{
	int command=7;	// Holds which action the user chooses to make
	ClassRomanType	romanObject;	// Gives access to the class
 
	do{
		DisplayMenu();
		command = GetCommand(command);
		RunChoice(command, romanObject);
		cout<<"n--------------------------------------------------------------------n";
	}while(command!=7);
 
	cout<<"nBye!n";
 
	return 0;
}// End of main
 
void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject)
{// Function: Execute the choice selected from the menu
 
	// declare private variables
	int decimalNumber=0;	// Holds decimal value
	char romanNumeral[150];	//Holds value of roman numeral
 
	// execute the desired choice
	cout <<"ntYou selected choice #"<<command<<" which will: ";
	switch(command)
	{
	case 1:
		cout << "Get Decimal Numbernn";
		cout <<"Enter a Decimal Number: ";
		cin >> decimalNumber;
		romanObject.GetDecimalNumber(decimalNumber);
		break;
	case 2:
		cout << "Get Roman Numeralnn";
		cout <<"nEnter a Roman Numeral: ";
		cin >> romanNumeral;
		romanObject.GetRomanNumeral(romanNumeral);
		break;
	case 3:
		cout << "Convert from Decimal to Romannn";
		romanObject.ConvertDecimalToRoman();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 4:
		cout << "Convert from Roman to Decimalnn";
		romanObject.ConvertRomanToDecimal();
		cout<<"Running....nComplete!n";
		break;
	case 5:
		cout << "Print the current Decimal numbernn";
		cout<<"n The current Roman to Decimal Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnDecimalNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 6:
		cout << "Print the current Roman Numeralnn";
		cout<<"n The current Decimal to Roman Value is: "; 
		cout << romanObject.ReturnRomanNumber()<<endl;
		break;
	case 7:
		cout << "Quitnn";
		break;
	default:
		cout << "nError, you entered an invalid command!nPlease try again...";
		break;
	}
}//End of RunChoice
 
int GetCommand(int command)
{// Function: Gets choice from menu
	cout <<"nPlease enter a selection: ";
	cin>> command;
	return command;
}// End of GetCommand
 
void DisplayMenu()
{// Function: Displays menu
	cout <<"From the following menu:n"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"1."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"2."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Enter a Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"3."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Decimal to Roman"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"4."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Convert from Roman to Decimal"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"5."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Decimal number"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"6."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Print the current Roman Numeral"<<endl;
	cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"7."<<left<<setw(15)<<"  Quit"<<endl;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #2 – ClassRomanType.h ========

Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the Menu.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.





		
		
			File #2 - ClassRomanType.h
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File:  ClassRomanType.h
//  Purpose:  Header file for Roman Numeral conversion. It contains all
//  declarations and prototypes for the class members to carry out the 
//  conversion
// ============================================================================
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class   ClassRomanType
{
public:
    ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables to "0"
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */

	// member functions
    void GetDecimalNumber(int  decimalNumber);
          /*   Function: gets decimal number
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets arabic number from user */

    void GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]);
          /*   Function: gets roman numeral
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */

    void ConvertDecimalToRoman();
          /*   Function: converts decimal number to ronman numeral
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */

    void ConvertRomanToDecimal();
          /*   Function: converts roman numeral to arabic number 
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets decimal number from user */

    int ReturnDecimalNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted decimal number 
			Precondition: the converted roman numeral to decimal number
			Postcondition: displays decimal number to user */

    string ReturnRomanNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted roman numeral 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: displays roman numeral to user */

    ~ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: destructor used to return memory to the system 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: none */

private:
	char	m_romanValue[150];  // An array holding the roman value within the class
	int	m_decimalValue;	// Holds the final output answer of the roman to decimal conversion
}; // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File:  ClassRomanType.h
//  Purpose:  Header file for Roman Numeral conversion. It contains all
//  declarations and prototypes for the class members to carry out the 
//  conversion
// ============================================================================
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
class   ClassRomanType
{
public:
    ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: constructor initializes class variables to "0"
               Precondition: none
               Postcondition: defines private variables */
 
	// member functions
    void GetDecimalNumber(int  decimalNumber);
          /*   Function: gets decimal number
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets arabic number from user */
 
    void GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]);
          /*   Function: gets roman numeral
			Precondition: none
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */
 
    void ConvertDecimalToRoman();
          /*   Function: converts decimal number to ronman numeral
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */
 
    void ConvertRomanToDecimal();
          /*   Function: converts roman numeral to arabic number 
			Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known
			Postcondition: Gets decimal number from user */
 
    int ReturnDecimalNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted decimal number 
			Precondition: the converted roman numeral to decimal number
			Postcondition: displays decimal number to user */
 
    string ReturnRomanNumber();
          /*   Function: displays converted roman numeral 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: displays roman numeral to user */
 
    ~ClassRomanType();
          /*   Function: destructor used to return memory to the system 
			Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral
			Postcondition: none */
 
private:
	char	m_romanValue[150];  // An array holding the roman value within the class
	int	m_decimalValue;	// Holds the final output answer of the roman to decimal conversion
}; // http://programmingnotes.org/

======== FILE #3 – RomanType.cpp ========

This is the function implementation file for the ClassRomanType.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “ClassRomanType.h”





		
		
			File #3 - RomanType.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//  File:  RomanType.cpp
//  Purpose:  Contains the implementation of the class members for the 
//  roman numeral conversion
//  
//  *NOTE*: Uncomment cout statements to visualize whats happening
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string> 
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;

ClassRomanType::ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// end of ClassRomanType

void ClassRomanType:: GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber)
{
	m_decimalValue = decimalNumber;
}// end of GetDecimalNumber

void ClassRomanType:: GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[])
{
	strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral);
}// end of GetRomanNumeral

void ClassRomanType:: ConvertDecimalToRoman()
{ 
	strcpy(m_romanValue,""); // erases any previous data
	int numericValue[]={1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1,0};
	char *romanNumeral[]={"M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L"
									,"XL","X","IX","V","IV","I",0};
	
	for (int x=0; numericValue[x] > 0; ++x)
	{
		//cout<<endl<<numericValue[x]<<endl;
		while (m_decimalValue >= numericValue[x])
		{
			//cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl;
			//cout<<"current numericValue = "<<numericValue[x]<<endl<<endl;
			if(strlen(m_romanValue)==0)
			{
				strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			else
			{
				strcat(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			m_decimalValue  -= numericValue[x];
		}
	}
}// end of ConvertDecimalToRoman

void ClassRomanType:: ConvertRomanToDecimal()
{
	 int currentNumber = 0;	// Holds value of each letter numerical value
	 int previousNumber = 0; // Holds the numerical value being compared 
	 m_decimalValue=0; // Resets the current 'romanToDecimalValue' to zero

	 if(strcmp(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined")!=0)
	 {
		 for (int counter = strlen(m_romanValue)-1; counter >= 0; counter--)
		 {
			 if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'M') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'm'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1000;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'D') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'd'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 500;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'C') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'c'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 100;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'L') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'l'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 50;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'X') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'x'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 10;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'V') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'v'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 5;
			 }  
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'I') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'i'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 currentNumber = 0;
			 }
			 //cout<<"previousNumber = " <<previousNumber<<endl;
			 //cout<<"currentNumber = " <<currentNumber<<endl;

			 if (previousNumber > currentNumber)
			 {
				 m_decimalValue -= currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 m_decimalValue += currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }	
			 //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl<<endl;
		 }
	 }
}// end of ConvertRomanToDecimal

int ClassRomanType::ReturnDecimalNumber()
{
	return m_decimalValue;
}// end of ReturnDecimalNumber

string ClassRomanType::ReturnRomanNumber()
{
	return  m_romanValue;
}// end of ReturnRomanNumber

ClassRomanType::~ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//  File:  RomanType.cpp
//  Purpose:  Contains the implementation of the class members for the 
//  roman numeral conversion
//  
//  *NOTE*: Uncomment cout statements to visualize whats happening
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <string> 
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassRomanType.h"
using namespace std;
 
ClassRomanType::ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// end of ClassRomanType
 
void ClassRomanType:: GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber)
{
	m_decimalValue = decimalNumber;
}// end of GetDecimalNumber
 
void ClassRomanType:: GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[])
{
	strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral);
}// end of GetRomanNumeral
 
void ClassRomanType:: ConvertDecimalToRoman()
{ 
	strcpy(m_romanValue,""); // erases any previous data
	int numericValue[]={1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1,0};
	char *romanNumeral[]={"M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L"
									,"XL","X","IX","V","IV","I",0};
	
	for (int x=0; numericValue[x] > 0; ++x)
	{
		//cout<<endl<<numericValue[x]<<endl;
		while (m_decimalValue >= numericValue[x])
		{
			//cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl;
			//cout<<"current numericValue = "<<numericValue[x]<<endl<<endl;
			if(strlen(m_romanValue)==0)
			{
				strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			else
			{
				strcat(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]);
			}
			m_decimalValue  -= numericValue[x];
		}
	}
}// end of ConvertDecimalToRoman
 
void ClassRomanType:: ConvertRomanToDecimal()
{
	 int currentNumber = 0;	// Holds value of each letter numerical value
	 int previousNumber = 0; // Holds the numerical value being compared 
	 m_decimalValue=0; // Resets the current 'romanToDecimalValue' to zero
 
	 if(strcmp(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined")!=0)
	 {
		 for (int counter = strlen(m_romanValue)-1; counter >= 0; counter--)
		 {
			 if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'M') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'm'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1000;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'D') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'd'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 500;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'C') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'c'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 100;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'L') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'l'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 50;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'X') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'x'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 10;
			 }
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'V') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'v'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 5;
			 }  
			 else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'I') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'i'))
			 {
				 currentNumber = 1;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 currentNumber = 0;
			 }
			 //cout<<"previousNumber = " <<previousNumber<<endl;
			 //cout<<"currentNumber = " <<currentNumber<<endl;
 
			 if (previousNumber > currentNumber)
			 {
				 m_decimalValue -= currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }
			 else
			 {
				 m_decimalValue += currentNumber;
				 previousNumber = currentNumber;
			 }	
			 //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl<<endl;
		 }
	 }
}// end of ConvertRomanToDecimal
 
int ClassRomanType::ReturnDecimalNumber()
{
	return m_decimalValue;
}// end of ReturnDecimalNumber
 
string ClassRomanType::ReturnRomanNumber()
{
	return  m_romanValue;
}// end of ReturnRomanNumber
 
ClassRomanType::~ClassRomanType()
{
	m_decimalValue=0;
	strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined");
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

From the following menu:
1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 9 You selected choice #9 which will: Error, you entered an invalid command! Please try again... -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: Currently Undefined -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 1 You selected choice #1 which will: Get Decimal Number Enter a Decimal Number: 1987 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 1987 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 3 You selected choice #3 which will: Convert from Decimal to Roman Running.... Complete! -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: MCMLXXXVII -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 2 You selected choice #2 which will: Get Roman Numeral Enter a Roman Numeral: mMxiI -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 6 You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral The current Decimal to Roman Value is: mMxiI -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 4 You selected choice #4 which will: Convert from Roman to Decimal Running.... Complete! -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 5 You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 2012 -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: 7
You selected choice #7 which will: Quit -------------------------------------------------------------------- Bye!

C++ || Printing Various Patterns Using Nested Loops

April 05, 2012 admin 1 Comment

This page will demonstrate various programs which illustrates the use of nested loops to print selected patterns to the screen.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PAGE

While Loops For Loops Using Nested Loops

The following are famous homework assignments which are usually presented in an entry level programming course.

There are a total of ten (10) different patterns on this page, which is broken up into sections. This page will list:

(4) methods of printing a triangle (4) methods of printing an upside down triangle (1) method which prints a square (1) method which prints a giant letter 'X'

======= PRINTING A TRIANGLE =======

This program prints a triangle shape to the screen.





		
		
			#1 - Printing A Triangle
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop.
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<"* ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop.
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<"* ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

In the above example, the user has a choice of entering the number of rows which will be displayed to the screen

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

======= PRINTING A TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS =======

The following program uses the same concept as above, but this time instead of using stars “*”, numbers will be printed to the screen.





		
		
			#2 - Printing A Triangle With Numbers
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop.
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<copy<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop.
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<copy<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

======= PRINTING A TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS IN-ORDER =======

The following program uses the same concept as above, but this time instead of using stars “*”, numbers will be printed to the screen in-order.





		
		
			#3 - Printing A Triangle With Numbers
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
        // declare variables
        int number=0;
        int counter=1;
        int copy=0;
        
        // get data from user
        cout<<"Enter a number: ";
        cin>>number;    
        
        // this is the start of the nested loop.
        // NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
        // sometimes its nice to switch things up
        while(counter <= number)
        {
                copy=number;
                for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
                {
                        cout<<copy-(counter-1)<<" ";
                        ++copy;
                }
                cout<<endl;
                ++counter;
        }
        
        return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
        // declare variables
        int number=0;
        int counter=1;
        int copy=0;
        
        // get data from user
        cout<<"Enter a number: ";
        cin>>number;    
        
        // this is the start of the nested loop.
        // NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
        // sometimes its nice to switch things up
        while(counter <= number)
        {
                copy=number;
                for(int x=0; x < counter; ++x)
                {
                        cout<<copy-(counter-1)<<" ";
                        ++copy;
                }
                cout<<endl;
                ++counter;
        }
        
        return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 9 8 9 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

======= PRINTING A TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS USING MULTIPLICATION =======

This example demonstrates another triangle, this time printing a multiplication table.





		
		
			#4 - Printing A Triangle - Multiplication
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<number*x<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= counter; ++x)
		{
			cout<<number*x<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 9 9 18 9 18 27 9 18 27 36 9 18 27 36 45 9 18 27 36 45 54 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

======= PRINTING AN UPSIDE-DOWN TRIANGLE =======

This program is similar to the first one, this time printing the triangle upside-down.





		
		
			#5 - Printing An Upside Down Triangle
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=0;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<"* ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=0;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<"* ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

======= PRINTING AN UPSIDE-DOWN TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS =======

This program is similar to the second one, this time printing the triangle upside-down.





		
		
			#6 - Printing An Upside Down Triangle With Numbers
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<copy<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<copy<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1

======= PRINTING AN UPSIDE-DOWN TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS IN-ORDER =======

The following program uses the same concept as above, but this time instead of using stars “*”, numbers will be printed to the screen in-order.





		
		
			#7 - Printing A Triangle With Numbers
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
        // declare variables
        int number=0;
        int counter=1;
        int copy=0;
        
        // get data from user
        cout<<"Enter a number: ";
        cin>>number;
        
        copy=number;    
        
        // this is the start of the nested loop.
        // NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
        // sometimes its nice to switch things up
        while(counter <= number)
        {               
                for(int x=counter; x <= copy; ++x)
                {
                        cout<<x<<" ";
                }
                cout<<endl;
                ++counter;
        }
        
        return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
        // declare variables
        int number=0;
        int counter=1;
        int copy=0;
        
        // get data from user
        cout<<"Enter a number: ";
        cin>>number;
        
        copy=number;    
        
        // this is the start of the nested loop.
        // NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
        // sometimes its nice to switch things up
        while(counter <= number)
        {               
                for(int x=counter; x <= copy; ++x)
                {
                        cout<<x<<" ";
                }
                cout<<endl;
                ++counter;
        }
        
        return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 8 9 9

===== PRINTING AN UPSIDE-DOWN TRIANGLE WITH NUMBERS USING MULTIPLICATION =====

This program is similar to the third one, this time printing the triangle upside-down.





		
		
			#8 - Printing An Upside Down Triangle - Multiplication
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<number*x<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter=1;
	int copy=0;
	
	// get data from user
	cout<<"Enter a number: ";
	cin>>number;
	
	// this variable is just a copy
	// of the number that the user just entered
	// which will be used in the nested loop
	copy=number;
	
	// this is the start of the nested loop
	// NOTE: many use two nested 'for' loops, but
	// sometimes its nice to switch things up
	while(counter <= number)
	{
		for(int x=1; x <= copy; ++x)
		{
			cout<<number*x<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
		--copy;
		++counter;
	}
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 9 18 27 36 45 54 9 18 27 36 45 9 18 27 36 9 18 27 9 18 9

======= PRINTING A SQUARE =======

This program prints a square to the screen.





		
		
			#9 - Printing A Square
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int row=0;
	int column=0;
	int number=0;
	
	cout<<"Enter the number of rows to be printed: ";
	cin >> number;
	
	row = number;
	
	// draw top 
	while (row > 0) 
	{
		cout<<"*";
		--row;
	}
	cout<<endl;
	
	row = number - 2;
	column = number;
	
	// draw middle
	while (row > 0)
	{
		while (column > 0)
		{
			if ((column == number) || (column == 1))
			{
				cout<<"*";
			}
			else
			{
				cout<<" ";
			}
			--column;
		}
		cout<<endl;
		column = number;
		--row;
	}
	
	row = number;
	
	// draw bottom 
	while (row > 0) 
	{
		cout<<"*";
		--row;
	}
	cout<<endl;
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int row=0;
	int column=0;
	int number=0;
	
	cout<<"Enter the number of rows to be printed: ";
	cin >> number;
	
	row = number;
	
	// draw top 
	while (row > 0) 
	{
		cout<<"*";
		--row;
	}
	cout<<endl;
	
	row = number - 2;
	column = number;
	
	// draw middle
	while (row > 0)
	{
		while (column > 0)
		{
			if ((column == number) || (column == 1))
			{
				cout<<"*";
			}
			else
			{
				cout<<" ";
			}
			--column;
		}
		cout<<endl;
		column = number;
		--row;
	}
	
	row = number;
	
	// draw bottom 
	while (row > 0) 
	{
		cout<<"*";
		--row;
	}
	cout<<endl;
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:





		
		
			Enter the number of rows to be printed: 9
*********
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*********
			
				
					
				
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						Enter the number of rows to be printed: 9
*********
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*       *
*********

======= PRINTING THE LETTER “X” =======

The final program for this page will print a giant letter “X” to the screen.





		
		
			#10 - Printing The Letter 'X'
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter1=0;
	
	cout<<"Enter the size of the shape: ";
	cin >> number;
	
	// set 'counter1' equal to 'number'
	counter1=-number;

	// start of the nested loop
	while(counter1 <=number)
	{
		for (int counter2 = -number; counter2 <= number; ++counter2)
		{
			if (abs(counter1) == abs(counter2))
			{
				cout<<"x";
			}
			else
			{
				cout<<" ";
			}
		}
		++counter1;
		cout<<endl;
	}

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/ 
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int number=0;
	int counter1=0;
	
	cout<<"Enter the size of the shape: ";
	cin >> number;
	
	// set 'counter1' equal to 'number'
	counter1=-number;
 
	// start of the nested loop
	while(counter1 <=number)
	{
		for (int counter2 = -number; counter2 <= number; ++counter2)
		{
			if (abs(counter1) == abs(counter2))
			{
				cout<<"x";
			}
			else
			{
				cout<<" ";
			}
		}
		++counter1;
		cout<<endl;
	}
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:





		
		
			Enter the size of the shape: 9
x                 x
 x               x
  x             x
   x           x
    x         x
     x       x
      x     x
       x   x
        x x
         x
        x x
       x   x
      x     x
     x       x
    x         x
   x           x
  x             x
 x               x
x                 x
			
				
					
				
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						Enter the size of the shape: 9
x                 x
 x               x
  x             x
   x           x
    x         x
     x       x
      x     x
       x   x
        x x
         x
        x x
       x   x
      x     x
     x       x
    x         x
   x           x
  x             x
 x               x
x                 x

And there you have it. Simple shapes made possible in C++.

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

C++ || Savings Account Balance – Calculate The Balance Of A Savings Account At The End Of A Period

April 04, 2012 admin 8 Comments

Here is another actual homework assignment which was presented in an intro to programming class. The following program was a question taken from the book “Starting Out with C++: Early Objects (7th Edition),” chapter 5, problem #16.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

For Loops - How To Use Them Assignment Operators - What Are They? Setprecision - What Is It? Interest Rate

This program first prompts the user to enter the annual interest rate, starting balance, and the number of months which has passed since the account was established. Upon obtaining the information, a loop is then used to iterate through each month, performing the following:

• Ask the user for the amount deposited into the account during the month (positive values only). This amount is added to the balance.
• Ask the user for the amount withdrawn from the account during the month (positive values only). This is subtracted from the balance.
• Calculate the monthly interest. The monthly interest rate is the annual interest rate divided by 12. After each loop iteration, the monthly interest rate is multiplied by the current balance, which is then added to the total balance.

After the last iteration, the program displays the ending balance, the total amount of deposits, the total amount of withdrawals, and the total interest earned.

If a negative balance is calculated at any point, an erroneous message is displayed to the screen indicating that the account has been closed, and then the program terminates.





		
		
			Savings Account Balance
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   April 4, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  SavingsAccount.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to calculate the balance of a savings 
//      account at the end of a period
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	double annInterestRate = 0;
	double startingBalance = 0;
	int monthsPassed = 0;
	double deposits = 0;
	double withdrawal = 0;	
	double totDeposits = 0;
	double totWithdrawal = 0;
	double totInterest = 0;
	double monthlyInterestRate = 0;
	double totBalance = 0;
	
	// obtain data from user
	cout<<"Enter the annual interest rate on the account (e.g .04): ";
	cin >> annInterestRate;
	
	cout<<"Enter the starting balance: $";
	cin >> startingBalance;
	
	cout<<"How many months have passed since the account was established? ";
	cin >> monthsPassed;
	
	// initialize variables with the required info
	totBalance = startingBalance;
	monthlyInterestRate = annInterestRate/12;	
	
	// use a loop to obtain more data from user
	for(int x=1; x <= monthsPassed; ++x)
	{
		cout<<"\nMonth #"<<x<<endl;
		
		cout<<"\tTotal deposits for this month: $";
		cin >> deposits;
		totDeposits += deposits;
		totBalance += deposits;
		
		cout<<"\tTotal withdrawal for this month: $";
		cin >> withdrawal;
		totWithdrawal += withdrawal;
		totBalance -= withdrawal;
		
		totInterest += (totBalance*monthlyInterestRate);
		totBalance += (totBalance*monthlyInterestRate);

		// check for negative values
		// end loop if the values are negative
		if(deposits < 0 || withdrawal < 0 || totBalance < 0)
		{
			cout<< "\nPlease enter positive numbers only!";
			cout<<"\nThe account has been closed..\n";
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	
	// display results 
	cout<<fixed<<setprecision(2);
	cout.fill('.');
	cout<<"\nEnding balance:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(20)<<" $ "<<totBalance;
	cout<<"\nAmount of deposits:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(16)<<" $ "<<totDeposits;
	cout<<"\nAmount of withdrawals:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(13)<<" $ "<<totWithdrawal;
	cout<<"\nAmount of interest earned:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(9)<<" $ "<<totInterest<<endl;	
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   April 4, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  SavingsAccount.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to calculate the balance of a savings 
//      account at the end of a period
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	double annInterestRate = 0;
	double startingBalance = 0;
	int monthsPassed = 0;
	double deposits = 0;
	double withdrawal = 0;	
	double totDeposits = 0;
	double totWithdrawal = 0;
	double totInterest = 0;
	double monthlyInterestRate = 0;
	double totBalance = 0;
	
	// obtain data from user
	cout<<"Enter the annual interest rate on the account (e.g .04): ";
	cin >> annInterestRate;
	
	cout<<"Enter the starting balance: $";
	cin >> startingBalance;
	
	cout<<"How many months have passed since the account was established? ";
	cin >> monthsPassed;
	
	// initialize variables with the required info
	totBalance = startingBalance;
	monthlyInterestRate = annInterestRate/12;	
	
	// use a loop to obtain more data from user
	for(int x=1; x <= monthsPassed; ++x)
	{
		cout<<"\nMonth #"<<x<<endl;
		
		cout<<"\tTotal deposits for this month: $";
		cin >> deposits;
		totDeposits += deposits;
		totBalance += deposits;
		
		cout<<"\tTotal withdrawal for this month: $";
		cin >> withdrawal;
		totWithdrawal += withdrawal;
		totBalance -= withdrawal;
		
		totInterest += (totBalance*monthlyInterestRate);
		totBalance += (totBalance*monthlyInterestRate);
 
		// check for negative values
		// end loop if the values are negative
		if(deposits < 0 || withdrawal < 0 || totBalance < 0)
		{
			cout<< "\nPlease enter positive numbers only!";
			cout<<"\nThe account has been closed..\n";
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	
	// display results 
	cout<<fixed<<setprecision(2);
	cout.fill('.');
	cout<<"\nEnding balance:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(20)<<" $ "<<totBalance;
	cout<<"\nAmount of deposits:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(16)<<" $ "<<totDeposits;
	cout<<"\nAmount of withdrawals:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(13)<<" $ "<<totWithdrawal;
	cout<<"\nAmount of interest earned:"<<left<<setw(20)<<right<<setw(9)<<" $ "<<totInterest<<endl;	
	
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Enter the annual interest rate on the account (e.g .04): .07 Enter the starting balance: $5000 How many months have passed since the account was established? 3
Month #1 Total deposits for this month: $500 Total withdrawal for this month: $120 Month #2 Total deposits for this month: $750 Total withdrawal for this month: $200 Month #3 Total deposits for this month: $500 Total withdrawal for this month: $100
Ending balance:................. $ 6433.47 Amount of deposits:............. $ 1750.00 Amount of withdrawals:.......... $ 420.00 Amount of interest earned:...... $ 103.47

C++ || “One Size Fits All” – BubbleSort Which Works For Integer, Float, & Char Arrays

April 03, 2012 admin No comments

Here is another sorting algorithm, which sorts data that is contained in an array. The difference between this method, and the previous methods of sorting data is that this method works with multiple data types, all in one function. So for example, if you wanted to sort an integer and a character array within the same program, the code demonstrated on this page has the ability to sort both data types, eliminating the need to make two separate sorting functions for the two different data types.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Integer Arrays Character Arrays BubbleSort Pointers Function Pointers - What Are They? Memcpy Sizeof Sizet Malloc





		
		
			BubbleSort - One Size Fits All
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void BubbleSort(void* list, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*));
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width);
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b);
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b);

// constant variable for int arrays
const int NUM_INTS=14;

int main()
{
	// seed random number generator
	srand(time(NULL));

	// ===================    INT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	int intNumbers[100];
	int numInts=0;	

	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		intNumbers[x] =rand()%100+1;
	} 

	cout<<"Original values in the int array:n";
	// show original data to the user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in an 
	// integer array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "IntCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(intNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(int),IntCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the int array:n";
	// display sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}

	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
	
	// ===================    FLOAT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	float floatNumbers[100];

	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		floatNumbers[x] =(rand()%100+1)+(0.5);
	} 
	
	cout<<"Original values in the float array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a
	// float array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "FloatCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(floatNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(float),FloatCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the float array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";

	// ===================    CHAR EXAMPLE    =================== //
	char* names[100]={"This", "Is","Random","Text","Brought","To",
							"You","By","My","Programming","Notes"};
	int numNames=11;	

	cout<<"Original values in the char array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a 
	// char array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "StrCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(names,numNames,sizeof(char*),StrCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the char array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}				
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void BubbleSort(void* arry, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*))
{// this function sorts the received array
	bool sorted = false;
	
	do{
		sorted = true;
		for(unsigned int x=0; x < nelm-1; ++x)
		{
			if(cmp((((char*)arry)+(x*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size))) > 0)
			{
				Swap((((char*)arry)+((x)*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size)),size);
				sorted=false;
			}
		}
		--nelm;
	}while(!sorted);
}// end of BubbleSort					

void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width)
{// this function swaps the values in the array
	void *tmp = malloc(width);
	memcpy(tmp, a, width);
	memcpy(a, b, width);
	memcpy(b, tmp, width);
	free(tmp);
}// end of Swap

int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two float values together
	return (*(float*)a - *(float*)b);
}// end of FloatCompare

int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two int values together
	return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}// end of IntCompare

int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b)
{// this function compares two char values together
  return(strcmp(*(const char **)a, *(const char **)b));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void BubbleSort(void* list, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*));
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width);
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b);
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b);
 
// constant variable for int arrays
const int NUM_INTS=14;
 
int main()
{
	// seed random number generator
	srand(time(NULL));
 
	// ===================    INT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	int intNumbers[100];
	int numInts=0;	
 
	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		intNumbers[x] =rand()%100+1;
	} 
 
	cout<<"Original values in the int array:n";
	// show original data to the user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in an 
	// integer array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "IntCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(intNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(int),IntCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the int array:n";
	// display sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(4) << intNumbers[x];
	}
 
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
	
	// ===================    FLOAT EXAMPLE    =================== //
	float floatNumbers[100];
 
	// place random numbers into the array
	for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		floatNumbers[x] =(rand()%100+1)+(0.5);
	} 
	
	cout<<"Original values in the float array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a
	// float array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "FloatCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(floatNumbers,NUM_INTS,sizeof(float),FloatCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the float array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<NUM_INTS; ++x)
	{
		cout << setw(6) << floatNumbers[x];
	}
	
	// creates a line seperator 
	cout << "n-----------------------------------------------"
	<<"----------------------------------------n";
 
	// ===================    CHAR EXAMPLE    =================== //
	char* names[100]={"This", "Is","Random","Text","Brought","To",
							"You","By","My","Programming","Notes"};
	int numNames=11;	
 
	cout<<"Original values in the char array:n";
	// show original array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}
	
	// this is the function call, which takes in a 
	// char array for sorting purposes
	// NOTICE: the function "StrCompare" is being used as a parameter
	BubbleSort(names,numNames,sizeof(char*),StrCompare);
	
	cout<<"nnThe sorted values in the char array:n";
	// show sorted array to user
	for(int x=0; x<numNames; ++x)
	{
		cout << " " << names[x];
	}				
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void BubbleSort(void* arry, size_t nelm, size_t size, int (*cmp) (const void*, const void*))
{// this function sorts the received array
	bool sorted = false;
	
	do{
		sorted = true;
		for(unsigned int x=0; x < nelm-1; ++x)
		{
			if(cmp((((char*)arry)+(x*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size))) > 0)
			{
				Swap((((char*)arry)+((x)*size)), (((char*)arry)+((x+1)*size)),size);
				sorted=false;
			}
		}
		--nelm;
	}while(!sorted);
}// end of BubbleSort					
 
void Swap(void* a, void* b, size_t width)
{// this function swaps the values in the array
	void *tmp = malloc(width);
	memcpy(tmp, a, width);
	memcpy(a, b, width);
	memcpy(b, tmp, width);
	free(tmp);
}// end of Swap
 
int FloatCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two float values together
	return (*(float*)a - *(float*)b);
}// end of FloatCompare
 
int IntCompare (const void * a, const void * b)
{// this function compares two int values together
	return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}// end of IntCompare
 
int StrCompare(const void *a, const void *b)
{// this function compares two char values together
  return(strcmp(*(const char **)a, *(const char **)b));
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Notice, the same function declaration is being used for all 3 different data types, with the only difference between each function call are the parameters which are being sent out.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: The function works for all three data types)

Original values in the int array: 44 91 43 22 20 100 77 80 84 60 47 91 51 81
The sorted values in the int array: 20 22 43 44 47 51 60 77 80 81 84 91 91 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Original values in the float array: 49.5 30.5 67.5 50.5 29.5 89.5 78.5 80.5 54.5 7.5 54.5 38.5 56.5 70.5 The sorted values in the float array: 7.5 29.5 30.5 38.5 49.5 50.5 54.5 54.5 56.5 67.5 70.5 78.5 80.5 89.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Original values in the char array: This Is Random Text Brought To You By My Programming Notes
The sorted values in the char array: Brought By Is My Notes Programming Random Text This To You

C++ || Stack Based Postfix Evaluation (Single Digit)

March 24, 2012 admin No comments

This page consists of another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. While the previously discussed program dealt with converting Infix expressions to Postfix, this program will demonstrate exactly how to evaluate them.

NOTE: Want to convert & evaluate multi digit, decimal, and negative numbers? Click here!

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

What Is Postfix? How To Convert Infix To Postfix Equations Stack Data Structure Cin.getline How To Evaluate Postfix Expressions The Order Of Operations #include "ClassStackType.h"

The title of this page is called – “Stack Based Postfix Evaluation (Single Digit).” Why “single digit?” The program demonstrated on this page has the ability to evaluate a postfix equation, but it only has the ability to evaluate single digit values. What do I mean by that? Consider the infix equation: 5+2. When that expression is converted to postfix, it will come out to be: 52+, and the answer will be 7 (5+2=7). But what if we have an equation like 12+2? When that expression is converted to postfix, it will come out to be: 122+. The postfix conversion is correct, but when you try to evaluate the expression, we do not know if the math operation should be 12+2 or 1+22, it can be read either way.

Question: So why is this program being displayed if it only works for single digits?
Answer: Because it demonstrates the process of evaluating postfix equations very well.

Want to convert & evaluate multi digit, decimal, and negative numbers? Click here!

Before we get into things, here is a helpful algorithm for evaluating a postfix expression in pseudo code:





		
		
			// An algorithm for postfix evaluation.
// For example,  (1 + 2) / (5 + 6) translates to  1 2 + 5 6 + /
// which equals the result of 0.272727
// Valid operands are single digits: 0-9
// Valid operators are: +, -, *, /, ^, $
// Highest precedence: ^, $
// Lowest precedence: +,-
// the operators ')' and '('never goes on stack.

double EvaluatePostfix(string postfix)
{
  while there is input
  {
    if input is a number
        push current number on stack
    else if input is a math operator and stack is not empty
        set operand2 to the top of the operand stack
            pop the stack
        set operand1 to the top of the operand stack
            pop the stack
        apply the math operation that represents to operand1 and operand2
            push the result onto the stack
    else error
  }
  // When the loop is finished, the operand stack will contain one item,
  // the result of evaluating the expression
  pop the stack
  return the answer to the caller
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// An algorithm for postfix evaluation.
// For example,  (1 + 2) / (5 + 6) translates to  1 2 + 5 6 + /
// which equals the result of 0.272727
// Valid operands are single digits: 0-9
// Valid operators are: +, -, *, /, ^, $
// Highest precedence: ^, $
// Lowest precedence: +,-
// the operators ')' and '('never goes on stack.
 
double EvaluatePostfix(string postfix)
{
  while there is input
  {
    if input is a number
        push current number on stack
    else if input is a math operator and stack is not empty
        set operand2 to the top of the operand stack
            pop the stack
        set operand1 to the top of the operand stack
            pop the stack
        apply the math operation that represents to operand1 and operand2
            push the result onto the stack
    else error
  }
  // When the loop is finished, the operand stack will contain one item,
  // the result of evaluating the expression
  pop the stack
  return the answer to the caller
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

Once you understand the process of converting from infix to postfix, adding the ability to evaluate multiple digits within this program should be doable.

======= POSTFIX EVALUATION =======

This program uses a custom template.h class. To obtain the code for that class, click here.





		
		
			Postfix Evaluation (Single Digit)
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 24, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  PostfixEvaluation.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrate the use of a stack based postfix evaluation.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cmath>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void DisplayDirections();
double EvaluatePostfix(char* postfix);
bool IsMathOperator(char token);
double DoMath(double op1, double op2, char token);

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     char expression[50]; // array holding the postfix data
     double answer = 0;

     // display directions to user
     DisplayDirections();

     // get data from user
     cout<<"\nPlease enter a postfix expression: ";
     cin.getline(expression, sizeof(expression));

     cout <<"\nThe postfix expression = "<<expression<<endl;

     cout<<"\nCalculations:\n";

     answer = EvaluatePostfix(expression);

     cout<<"\nFinal answer = "<<answer<<endl;

     return 0;
}// end of main

void DisplayDirections()
{
     cout << "\n==== Postfix Evaluation ====\n"
         <<"\nMath Operators:\n"
         <<"+ || Addition\n"
         <<"- || Subtraction\n"
         <<"* || Multiplication\n"
         <<"/ || Division\n"
         <<"% || Modulus\n"
         <<"^ || Power\n"
         <<"$ || Square Rootn\n"
         <<"Sample Postfix Equation: 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/* \n";
}// end of DisplayDirections

double EvaluatePostfix(char* postfix)
{
    // declare function variables
    int counter = 0;
    int currentNum = 0;
    char token = 'a';
    double op1 = 0;
    double op2 = 0;
    double answer = 0;
    StackType<double> doubleStack;

    // loop thru array until there is no more data
    while(postfix[counter] != '\0')
    {
        // push numbers onto the stack
        if(isdigit(postfix[counter]))
        {
            currentNum = postfix[counter] - '0';
            doubleStack.Push(currentNum);
        }
        else if(isspace(postfix[counter]))
        {
            // DO NOTHING
        }
        // if expression is a math operator, pop numbers from stack
        // & send the popped numbers to the 'DoMath' function
        else if((IsMathOperator(postfix[counter])) && (!doubleStack.IsEmpty()))
        {
            token = postfix[counter];

            // if expression is square root operation
            // only pop stack once
            if(token == '$')
            {
                op2 = 0;
                op1 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();

                answer = DoMath(op1,op2,token);
                doubleStack.Push(answer);
            }
            else
            {
                op2 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();
                op1 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();

                answer = DoMath(op1,op2,token);
                doubleStack.Push(answer);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"\nINVALID INPUT\n";
            exit(1);
        }
        ++counter;
    }
    // pop the final answer from the stack, and return to main
    answer = doubleStack.Top();
    doubleStack.Pop();

    return answer;
}// end of EvaluatePostfix

bool IsMathOperator(char token)
{// this function checks if operand is a math operator
     switch(token)
     {
        case '+':
            return true;
            break;
        case '-':
            return true;
            break;
        case '*':
            return true;
            break;
        case '/':
            return true;
            break;
        case '%':
            return true;
            break;
        case '^':
            return true;
            break;
        case '$':
            return true;
            break;
        default:
            return false;
            break;
     }
}// end of IsMathOperator

double DoMath(double op1, double op2, char token)
{// this function carries out the actual math process
    double ans = 0;
    switch(token)
    {
        case '+':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 + op2;
            break;
        case '-':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 - op2;
            break;
        case '*':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 * op2;
            break;
        case '/':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 / op2;
            break;
        case '%':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = (int)op1 % (int)op2;
            break;
        case '^':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = pow(op1, op2);
            break;
        case '$':
            cout<<char(251)<<op1<<" = ";
            ans = sqrt(op1);
            break;
        default:
            ans = 0;
            break;
    }
    cout<<ans<<endl;
    return ans;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 24, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  PostfixEvaluation.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrate the use of a stack based postfix evaluation.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cmath>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void DisplayDirections();
double EvaluatePostfix(char* postfix);
bool IsMathOperator(char token);
double DoMath(double op1, double op2, char token);
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     char expression[50]; // array holding the postfix data
     double answer = 0;
 
     // display directions to user
     DisplayDirections();
 
     // get data from user
     cout<<"\nPlease enter a postfix expression: ";
     cin.getline(expression, sizeof(expression));
 
     cout <<"\nThe postfix expression = "<<expression<<endl;
 
     cout<<"\nCalculations:\n";
 
     answer = EvaluatePostfix(expression);
 
     cout<<"\nFinal answer = "<<answer<<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// end of main
 
void DisplayDirections()
{
     cout << "\n==== Postfix Evaluation ====\n"
         <<"\nMath Operators:\n"
         <<"+ || Addition\n"
         <<"- || Subtraction\n"
         <<"* || Multiplication\n"
         <<"/ || Division\n"
         <<"% || Modulus\n"
         <<"^ || Power\n"
         <<"$ || Square Rootn\n"
         <<"Sample Postfix Equation: 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/* \n";
}// end of DisplayDirections
 
double EvaluatePostfix(char* postfix)
{
    // declare function variables
    int counter = 0;
    int currentNum = 0;
    char token = 'a';
    double op1 = 0;
    double op2 = 0;
    double answer = 0;
    StackType<double> doubleStack;
 
    // loop thru array until there is no more data
    while(postfix[counter] != '\0')
    {
        // push numbers onto the stack
        if(isdigit(postfix[counter]))
        {
            currentNum = postfix[counter] - '0';
            doubleStack.Push(currentNum);
        }
        else if(isspace(postfix[counter]))
        {
            // DO NOTHING
        }
        // if expression is a math operator, pop numbers from stack
        // & send the popped numbers to the 'DoMath' function
        else if((IsMathOperator(postfix[counter])) && (!doubleStack.IsEmpty()))
        {
            token = postfix[counter];
 
            // if expression is square root operation
            // only pop stack once
            if(token == '$')
            {
                op2 = 0;
                op1 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();
 
                answer = DoMath(op1,op2,token);
                doubleStack.Push(answer);
            }
            else
            {
                op2 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();
                op1 = doubleStack.Top();
                doubleStack.Pop();
 
                answer = DoMath(op1,op2,token);
                doubleStack.Push(answer);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"\nINVALID INPUT\n";
            exit(1);
        }
        ++counter;
    }
    // pop the final answer from the stack, and return to main
    answer = doubleStack.Top();
    doubleStack.Pop();
 
    return answer;
}// end of EvaluatePostfix
 
bool IsMathOperator(char token)
{// this function checks if operand is a math operator
     switch(token)
     {
        case '+':
            return true;
            break;
        case '-':
            return true;
            break;
        case '*':
            return true;
            break;
        case '/':
            return true;
            break;
        case '%':
            return true;
            break;
        case '^':
            return true;
            break;
        case '$':
            return true;
            break;
        default:
            return false;
            break;
     }
}// end of IsMathOperator
 
double DoMath(double op1, double op2, char token)
{// this function carries out the actual math process
    double ans = 0;
    switch(token)
    {
        case '+':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 + op2;
            break;
        case '-':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 - op2;
            break;
        case '*':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 * op2;
            break;
        case '/':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = op1 / op2;
            break;
        case '%':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = (int)op1 % (int)op2;
            break;
        case '^':
            cout<<op1<<token<<op2<<" = ";
            ans = pow(op1, op2);
            break;
        case '$':
            cout<<char(251)<<op1<<" = ";
            ans = sqrt(op1);
            break;
        default:
            ans = 0;
            break;
    }
    cout<<ans<<endl;
    return ans;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Want to convert & evaluate multi digit, decimal, and negative numbers? Click here!

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compile three separate times to display different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
==== Postfix Evaluation ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Postfix Equation: 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/* Please enter a postfix expression: 1 2 + 5 6 + / The postfix expression = 1 2 + 5 6 + / Calculations: 1+2 = 3 5+6 = 11 3/11 = 0.272727 Final answer = 0.272727 ====== RUN 2 ====== ==== Postfix Evaluation ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Postfix Equation: 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/* Please enter a postfix expression: 35*76^+ The postfix expression = 35*76^+ Calculations: 3*5 = 15 7^6 = 117649 15+117649 = 117664 Final answer = 117664 ====== RUN 3 ====== ==== Postfix Evaluation ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Postfix Equation: 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/* Please enter a postfix expression: 45^4*32+$2-/12%24*/* The postfix expression = 45^4*32+$2-/12%24*/*
Calculations: 4^5 = 1024 1024*4 = 4096 3+2 = 5 √5 = 2.23607 2.23607-2 = 0.236068 4096/0.236068 = 17350.9 1%2 = 1 2*4 = 8 1/8 = 0.125 17350.9*0.125 = 2168.87 Final answer = 2168.87

C++ || Stack Based Infix To Postfix Conversion (Single Digit)

March 23, 2012 admin 4 Comments

This page consists of another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. No matter which institution you attend, it seems every instructor assigns a program similar to this at one time or another.

Want to evaluate a postfix expression? Click here.

Want to convert & evaluate multi digit, decimal, and negative numbers? Click here!

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

What Is Infix? What Is Postfix? Stack Data Structure Cin.getline How To Convert To Postfix The Order Of Operations #include "ClassStackType.h"

The program demonstrated on this page has the ability to convert a normal infix equation to postfix equation, so for example, if the user enters the infix equation of (1*2)+3, the program will display the postfix result of 12*3+.

Before we get into things, here is a helpful algorithm for converting from infix to postfix in pseudo code:





		
		
			// An algorithm for infix to postfix expression conversion.
// For example,   a + b - c     translates to   a b + c -
//                a + b * c     translates to   a b c * +
//                (1 + 2) / (5 + 6)   goes to   1 2 + 5 6 + /
// Valid operands are single digits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z
// Valid operators are: +, -, *, /, (, ), ^, $
// Highest precedence:   ^, $
// Lowest precedence:    +,-
// ) never goes on stack.
// ( has lowest precedence on the stack and highest precedence outside of stack.
// Bottom of the stack has the lowest precedence than any operator.
// Use a prec() function to compare the precedence of the operators based on the above rules.
// Note there is little error checking in the algorithm!

void ConvertInfixToPostfix(string infix)
{
  while there is input
  {
    if input is a number or a letter
        place onto postfix string
    else
        if input is '('  // '(' has lowest precedence in the stack, highest outside
            push input on stack
        else if input is ')'
            while stack is not empty and top of stack is not '('
                place item from top of stack onto postfix string
                pop stack
            if stack is not empty // pops '(' off the stack
                pop stack
            else error  // no matching '('
        else if input is a math operator
            if stack is empty
                push input on stack
            else
                if prec(top of stack) >= prec(current math operator)
                    while stack is not empty and prec(top of stack) >= prec(current math operator)
                        place item from top of stack onto postfix string
                        pop stack
                push current math operator on stack
        else error
  }
  while stack is not empty
  {
    place item from top of stack onto postfix string
    pop stack
  }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// An algorithm for infix to postfix expression conversion.
// For example,   a + b - c     translates to   a b + c -
//                a + b * c     translates to   a b c * +
//                (1 + 2) / (5 + 6)   goes to   1 2 + 5 6 + /
// Valid operands are single digits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z
// Valid operators are: +, -, *, /, (, ), ^, $
// Highest precedence:   ^, $
// Lowest precedence:    +,-
// ) never goes on stack.
// ( has lowest precedence on the stack and highest precedence outside of stack.
// Bottom of the stack has the lowest precedence than any operator.
// Use a prec() function to compare the precedence of the operators based on the above rules.
// Note there is little error checking in the algorithm!
 
void ConvertInfixToPostfix(string infix)
{
  while there is input
  {
    if input is a number or a letter
        place onto postfix string
    else
        if input is '('  // '(' has lowest precedence in the stack, highest outside
            push input on stack
        else if input is ')'
            while stack is not empty and top of stack is not '('
                place item from top of stack onto postfix string
                pop stack
            if stack is not empty // pops '(' off the stack
                pop stack
            else error  // no matching '('
        else if input is a math operator
            if stack is empty
                push input on stack
            else
                if prec(top of stack) >= prec(current math operator)
                    while stack is not empty and prec(top of stack) >= prec(current math operator)
                        place item from top of stack onto postfix string
                        pop stack
                push current math operator on stack
        else error
  }
  while stack is not empty
  {
    place item from top of stack onto postfix string
    pop stack
  }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

======= INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION =======

This program uses a custom template.h class. To obtain the code for that class, click here.





		
		
			Infix To Postfix Conversion (Single Digit)
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 23, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  PostfixConversion.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrate the use of a stack based infix to 
//         postfix conversion.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void DisplayDirections();
void ConvertInfixToPostfix(char* infix);
int OrderOfOperations(char token);
bool IsMathOperator(char token);

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char expression[50]; // array holding the infix data
    
    // display directions to user
    DisplayDirections();
    
    // get data from user
    cout<<"\nPlease enter an infix expression: ";
    cin.getline(expression, sizeof(expression));
    
    cout <<"\nThe Infix expression = "<<expression<<endl;
    
    ConvertInfixToPostfix(expression);
    
    cout<<"The Postfix expression = "<<expression<<endl;
    
    return 0;
}// end of main

void DisplayDirections()
{
    cout << "\n==== Infix to Postfix Conversion ====\n"
        <<"\nMath Operators:\n"
        <<"+ || Addition\n"
        <<"- || Subtraction\n"
        <<"* || Multiplication\n"
        <<"/ || Division\n"
        <<"% || Modulus\n"
        <<"^ || Power\n"
        <<"$ || Square Root\n"
        <<"Sample Infix Equation: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4)\n";
}// end of DisplayDirections

void ConvertInfixToPostfix(char* infix)
{
    // declare function variables
    int infixCounter = 0;
    int postfixCounter = 0;
    char token = 'a';
    char postfix[50];
    StackType<char> charStack;
    
    // loop thru array until there is no more data
    while(infix[infixCounter] != '\0')
    {
        // push numbers/letters onto 'postfix' array
        if(isdigit(infix[infixCounter]) || isalpha(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            postfix[postfixCounter] = infix[infixCounter];
            ++postfixCounter;
        }
        else if(isspace(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            // DO NOTHING
        }
        else if(IsMathOperator(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            // if stack is empty, place first math operator onto stack
            token = infix[infixCounter];
            if(charStack.IsEmpty())
            {
                charStack.Push(token);
            }
            else
            {
                // get the current math operator from the top of the stack
                token = charStack.Top();
                charStack.Pop(); 
                
                // use the 'OrderOfOperations' function to check equality
                // of the math operators
                while(OrderOfOperations(token) >= OrderOfOperations(infix[infixCounter]))
                {
                    // if stack is empty, do nothing
                    if(charStack.IsEmpty())
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    // place the popped math operator from above ^
                    // onto the postfix array
                    else
                    {
                        postfix[postfixCounter] = token;
                        ++postfixCounter;
                        // pop the next operator from the stack and 
                        // continue the process until complete
                        token = charStack.Top();
                        charStack.Pop();
                    }
                }
                // push any remainding math operators onto the stack
                charStack.Push(token);
                charStack.Push(infix[infixCounter]);
            }
        }
        // push outer parentheses onto stack
        else if(infix[infixCounter] == '(')
        {
            charStack.Push(infix[infixCounter]);
        }
        else if(infix[infixCounter] == ')')
        {
            // pop the current math operator from the stack
            token = charStack.Top();
            charStack.Pop();
            while(token != '(' && !charStack.IsEmpty())
            {
                // place the math operator onto the postfix array
                postfix[postfixCounter] = token;
                ++postfixCounter; 
                // pop the next operator from the stack and
                // continue the process until complete
                token = charStack.Top();
                charStack.Pop();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"\nINVALID INPUT\n";
            exit(1);
        }
        ++infixCounter;
    }
    
    // place any remaining math operators from the stack onto
    // the postfix array
    while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
    {
        postfix[postfixCounter] = charStack.Top();
        ++postfixCounter; 
        charStack.Pop();
    }
    
    postfix[postfixCounter] = '\0';
    // copy the data from the postfix array into the infix array
    // the data in the infix array gets sent back to main
    // since the array is passed by reference
    strcpy(infix,postfix);
}// end of ConvertInfixToPostfix

int OrderOfOperations(char token)
{// this function checks priority of each math operator
    int priority = 0;
    
    if(token == '^'|| token == '$')
    {
        priority = 4; 
    }
    else if(token == '*' || token == '/' || token == '%')
    {
        priority = 3;
    }
    else if(token == '-')
    {
        priority = 2;
    }
    else if(token == '+')
    {
        priority = 1;
    }
    return priority; 
}// end of OrderOfOperations

bool IsMathOperator(char token)
{// this function checks if operand is a math operator
     switch(token)
     {
        case '+': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '-': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '*':
            return true;
            break;
        case '/': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '%': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '^': 
            return true;
            break; 
        case '$': 
            return true;
            break;  
        default:
            return false;
            break;
     }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Mar 23, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  PostfixConversion.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrate the use of a stack based infix to 
//         postfix conversion.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include "ClassStackType.h"
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void DisplayDirections();
void ConvertInfixToPostfix(char* infix);
int OrderOfOperations(char token);
bool IsMathOperator(char token);
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    char expression[50]; // array holding the infix data
    
    // display directions to user
    DisplayDirections();
    
    // get data from user
    cout<<"\nPlease enter an infix expression: ";
    cin.getline(expression, sizeof(expression));
    
    cout <<"\nThe Infix expression = "<<expression<<endl;
    
    ConvertInfixToPostfix(expression);
    
    cout<<"The Postfix expression = "<<expression<<endl;
    
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void DisplayDirections()
{
    cout << "\n==== Infix to Postfix Conversion ====\n"
        <<"\nMath Operators:\n"
        <<"+ || Addition\n"
        <<"- || Subtraction\n"
        <<"* || Multiplication\n"
        <<"/ || Division\n"
        <<"% || Modulus\n"
        <<"^ || Power\n"
        <<"$ || Square Root\n"
        <<"Sample Infix Equation: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4)\n";
}// end of DisplayDirections
 
void ConvertInfixToPostfix(char* infix)
{
    // declare function variables
    int infixCounter = 0;
    int postfixCounter = 0;
    char token = 'a';
    char postfix[50];
    StackType<char> charStack;
    
    // loop thru array until there is no more data
    while(infix[infixCounter] != '\0')
    {
        // push numbers/letters onto 'postfix' array
        if(isdigit(infix[infixCounter]) || isalpha(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            postfix[postfixCounter] = infix[infixCounter];
            ++postfixCounter;
        }
        else if(isspace(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            // DO NOTHING
        }
        else if(IsMathOperator(infix[infixCounter]))
        {
            // if stack is empty, place first math operator onto stack
            token = infix[infixCounter];
            if(charStack.IsEmpty())
            {
                charStack.Push(token);
            }
            else
            {
                // get the current math operator from the top of the stack
                token = charStack.Top();
                charStack.Pop(); 
                
                // use the 'OrderOfOperations' function to check equality
                // of the math operators
                while(OrderOfOperations(token) >= OrderOfOperations(infix[infixCounter]))
                {
                    // if stack is empty, do nothing
                    if(charStack.IsEmpty())
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    // place the popped math operator from above ^
                    // onto the postfix array
                    else
                    {
                        postfix[postfixCounter] = token;
                        ++postfixCounter;
                        // pop the next operator from the stack and 
                        // continue the process until complete
                        token = charStack.Top();
                        charStack.Pop();
                    }
                }
                // push any remainding math operators onto the stack
                charStack.Push(token);
                charStack.Push(infix[infixCounter]);
            }
        }
        // push outer parentheses onto stack
        else if(infix[infixCounter] == '(')
        {
            charStack.Push(infix[infixCounter]);
        }
        else if(infix[infixCounter] == ')')
        {
            // pop the current math operator from the stack
            token = charStack.Top();
            charStack.Pop();
            while(token != '(' && !charStack.IsEmpty())
            {
                // place the math operator onto the postfix array
                postfix[postfixCounter] = token;
                ++postfixCounter; 
                // pop the next operator from the stack and
                // continue the process until complete
                token = charStack.Top();
                charStack.Pop();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            cout<<"\nINVALID INPUT\n";
            exit(1);
        }
        ++infixCounter;
    }
    
    // place any remaining math operators from the stack onto
    // the postfix array
    while(!charStack.IsEmpty())
    {
        postfix[postfixCounter] = charStack.Top();
        ++postfixCounter; 
        charStack.Pop();
    }
    
    postfix[postfixCounter] = '\0';
    // copy the data from the postfix array into the infix array
    // the data in the infix array gets sent back to main
    // since the array is passed by reference
    strcpy(infix,postfix);
}// end of ConvertInfixToPostfix
 
int OrderOfOperations(char token)
{// this function checks priority of each math operator
    int priority = 0;
    
    if(token == '^'|| token == '$')
    {
        priority = 4; 
    }
    else if(token == '*' || token == '/' || token == '%')
    {
        priority = 3;
    }
    else if(token == '-')
    {
        priority = 2;
    }
    else if(token == '+')
    {
        priority = 1;
    }
    return priority; 
}// end of OrderOfOperations
 
bool IsMathOperator(char token)
{// this function checks if operand is a math operator
     switch(token)
     {
        case '+': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '-': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '*':
            return true;
            break;
        case '/': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '%': 
            return true;
            break;
        case '^': 
            return true;
            break; 
        case '$': 
            return true;
            break;  
        default:
            return false;
            break;
     }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Want to convert & evaluate multi digit, decimal, and negative numbers? Click here!

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Want to evaluate a postfix expression? Click here for sample code.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compile three separate times to display different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
==== Infix to Postfix Conversion ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Infix Equation: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4) Please enter an infix expression: ((a+b)+c)/(d^e) The Infix expression = ((a+b)+c)/(d^e) The Postfix expression = ab+c+de^/ ====== RUN 2 ====== ==== Infix to Postfix Conversion ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Infix Equation: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4) Please enter an infix expression: (3*5)+(7^6) The Infix expression = (3*5)+(7^6) The Postfix expression = 35*76^+ ====== RUN 3 ====== ==== Infix to Postfix Conversion ==== Math Operators: + || Addition - || Subtraction * || Multiplication / || Division % || Modulus ^ || Power $ || Square Root Sample Infix Equation: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4)
Please enter an infix expression: (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4) The Infix expression = (((4^5)*14)/($(23+2)-2))*(1%2)/(2*4) The Postfix expression = 45^14*232+$2-/12%24*/*

C++ || 8 Different Ways To Reverse A String/Character Array In C++

March 01, 2012 admin 2 Comments

This page will consist of 8 different ways to reverse a character array, and a string literal (std::string).

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PROGRAMS

Character Arrays String Literals Cin.getline - Use For Char Arrays Getline - Use For std::string Length Strlen Strcpy While Loops For Loops Recursion - What is it? #include < algorithm> #include < stack>

The methods on this page will be broken up into sections. This page will list:

(3) methods which reverses string literals (std::string) (4) methods which reverses character arrays (1) method which utilizes the stack to "reverse" a character sequence

Some methods listed on this page demonstrates the use of reversing a character sequence without the use of strlen/length.

======= REVERSE AN STD::STRING =======





		
		
			#1 - Reverse String Using STL Function
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";

	cout << "Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);

	// built in C++ function to reverse an std::string
	reverse(name.begin(), name.end());
	
	cout <<"\nYour name reversed is: " <<name << endl;

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";
 
	cout << "Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);
 
	// built in C++ function to reverse an std::string
	reverse(name.begin(), name.end());
	
	cout <<"\nYour name reversed is: " <<name << endl;
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM





		
		
			#2 - Reverse String Recursive Method, No Length()
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(string name);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(string name)
{
	if(name == "") // the base case
	{
		return;
	}
	else // the recursive step
	{
		Reverse(name.substr(1));			
		cout<<name.at(0);
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(string name);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(string name)
{
	if(name == "") // the base case
	{
		return;
	}
	else // the recursive step
	{
		Reverse(name.substr(1));			
		cout<<name.at(0);
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM





		
		
			#3 - Reverse String Iterative Method, Using Length()
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(string name);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(string name)
{
	// get the length of the string
	int nameLength = name.length()-1;

	while(nameLength >= 0)
	{
		cout<<name[nameLength];
		--nameLength;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(string name);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	string name="";
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	getline(cin,name);
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(string name)
{
	// get the length of the string
	int nameLength = name.length()-1;
 
	while(nameLength >= 0)
	{
		cout<<name[nameLength];
		--nameLength;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM

======= REVERSE A CHARACTER ARRAY =======

The following will demonstrate (4) methods which reverses a character array.





		
		
			#4 - Reverse Char Array Recursive Method, No Strlen
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// function prototype
void Reverse(char name[]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(char name[])
{
	if(*name=='\0') // the base case
	{
		return;
	}
	else // the recursive step
	{
		Reverse(name+1);
		cout<<*(name);
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototype
void Reverse(char name[]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(char name[])
{
	if(*name=='\0') // the base case
	{
		return;
	}
	else // the recursive step
	{
		Reverse(name+1);
		cout<<*(name);
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM





		
		
			#5 - Reverse Char Array Iterative Method, No Strlen
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(char name[])
{
	int nameLength = 0;

	//get the length of array
	while(name[nameLength] != '\0')
	{
		++nameLength;
	}

	//decrease the length of by 1
	--nameLength;

	// display reversed string
	while(nameLength >= 0)
	{
		cout<<name[nameLength];
		--nameLength;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(char name[])
{
	int nameLength = 0;
 
	//get the length of array
	while(name[nameLength] != '\0')
	{
		++nameLength;
	}
 
	//decrease the length of by 1
	--nameLength;
 
	// display reversed string
	while(nameLength >= 0)
	{
		cout<<name[nameLength];
		--nameLength;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM





		
		
			#6 - Reverse Char Array Iterative Method, No Strlen
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: "<< name<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(char name[])
{
	// private variables
	int nameLength = 0;
	char copy[30];

	strcpy(copy,name);

	//get lenght of array
	while(name[nameLength] != '\0')
	{
		++nameLength;
	}

	//decrease the length of by 1
	--nameLength;

	// reverse the array
	for(int x = 0; x <= nameLength; ++x)
	{
		// rearange the order of the two arrays
		name[nameLength - x] = copy[x];
	}	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: "<< name<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(char name[])
{
	// private variables
	int nameLength = 0;
	char copy[30];
 
	strcpy(copy,name);
 
	//get lenght of array
	while(name[nameLength] != '\0')
	{
		++nameLength;
	}
 
	//decrease the length of by 1
	--nameLength;
 
	// reverse the array
	for(int x = 0; x <= nameLength; ++x)
	{
		// rearange the order of the two arrays
		name[nameLength - x] = copy[x];
	}	
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM





		
		
			#7 - Reverse Char Array Iterative Method, Using Strlen
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];

	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);

	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: "<< name<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(char name[])
{
	// get the length of the current word in the array index
	int nameLength = strlen(name)-1;
	
	// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
	// reversing the order of the array
	for(int currentChar=0; currentChar < nameLength; --nameLength, ++currentChar)
	{
		// copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
		char temp = name[currentChar]; 
		// copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
		name[currentChar] = name[nameLength];
		// copy temp into last array index
		name[nameLength] = temp;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(char name[]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	char name[30];
 
	// get user data
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	cin.getline(name, sizeof(name));
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
 
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: "<< name<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(char name[])
{
	// get the length of the current word in the array index
	int nameLength = strlen(name)-1;
	
	// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
	// reversing the order of the array
	for(int currentChar=0; currentChar < nameLength; --nameLength, ++currentChar)
	{
		// copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
		char temp = name[currentChar]; 
		// copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
		name[currentChar] = name[nameLength];
		// copy temp into last array index
		name[nameLength] = temp;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM

======= REVERSE A CHARACTER SEQUENCE USING A STACK =======

The following will demonstrate (1) method which reverses a character sequence using the STL stack.





		
		
			#8 - Reverse Char Sequence Using Stack
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
void Reverse(stack<char> &name);

int main()
{ 
	// using the internal system stack
	stack<char> name;
	char singleChar;
	
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	
	while(cin.get(singleChar) && singleChar != '\n')
	{
		name.push(singleChar);
	}
	
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";

	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

void Reverse(stack<char> &name)
{
	while(!name.empty())
	{
		cout << name.top();
		name.pop();
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
void Reverse(stack<char> &name);
 
int main()
{ 
	// using the internal system stack
	stack<char> name;
	char singleChar;
	
	cout<<"Enter your name: ";
	
	while(cin.get(singleChar) && singleChar != '\n')
	{
		name.push(singleChar);
	}
	
	cout<<"\nYour name reversed is: ";
 
	// function declaration
	Reverse(name);
	cout<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void Reverse(stack<char> &name)
{
	while(!name.empty())
	{
		cout << name.top();
		name.pop();
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter your name: My Programming Notes
Your name reversed is: setoN gnimmargorP yM

C++ || Char Array – Palindrome Checker Using A Character Array, ToUpper, Strlen, Strcpy, & Strcmp

February 26, 2012 admin No comments

The following is a palindrome checking program, which demonstrates more use of char array’s, ToUpper, Strlen, & Strcmp.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline How to convert text in a char array from lower to uppercase How to reverse a character array Palindrome - What is it? Strlen Strcpy Strcmp While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Setw

Using a constant value, by default, this program first asks the user to enter 5 words and/or sentences that they want to compare for similarity. If the text which was entered into the program is a palindrome, the program will prompt a message to the user via cout. This program determines similarity by using the strcmp function, to compare two arrays together. This program also demonstrates how to reverse a character array, aswell as demonstrates how to convert all the text which was placed into the char array from lower to UPPERCASE.





		
		
			Palindrome Checker Using A Char Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 26, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates a simple palindrome checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

// constant value
const int NUM_WORDS = 5;

// function prototypes
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30]);
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30]);
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30]);

int main()
{
    // declare variable
    // this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
    // the ability to hold 5 names, each 30 characters long
    char words[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char wordsCopy[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char palindrome[NUM_WORDS][30];

    // get data from user
    cout << "\tWelcome to the Palindrome Check System!\n";
    cout << "\nPlease enter " << NUM_WORDS << " word(s) to check for similarity:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\t#" << index + 1 << ": ";
        cin.getline(words[index], 30);
    }

    // copy the user input into the 'wordsCopy' &
    // 'palindrome' char array
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        strcpy(wordsCopy[index], words[index]);
        strcpy(palindrome[index], words[index]);
    }

    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;

    // re-display the input to the screen
    cout << "\nThis is what you entered into the system:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << endl;
    }

    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;

    // function declaration
    // convert all the text contained in the 2 arrays to
    // UPPERCASE
    ConvertAllToUpper(wordsCopy, palindrome);

    // function declaration
    // reverses all the text contained inside the char array
    // to determine if it is a palindrome
    ReverseCharArray(palindrome);

    // display the palindrome's  to the screen
    cout << "\nHere are the palindrome's:\n";

    // function declaration
    // checks to see if the text contained in the char
    // array is a palindrome or not
    CheckIfPalindrome(wordsCopy, palindrome, words);

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        for (unsigned currentChar = 0; currentChar < strlen(wordsCopy[index]); ++currentChar)
        {
            // checks each letter in the current array index
            // to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
            // if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
            if (islower(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]))
            {
                wordsCopy[index][currentChar] = toupper(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]);
                palindrome[index][currentChar] = toupper(palindrome[index][currentChar]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper

void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {    // get the length of the current word in the array index
        int wordLength = strlen(palindrome[index]) - 1;
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        // reversing the order of the array
        for (int currentChar = 0; currentChar < wordLength; --wordLength, ++currentChar)
        {
            // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
            char temp = palindrome[index][currentChar];
            // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
            palindrome[index][currentChar] = palindrome[index][wordLength];
            // copy temp into last array index
            palindrome[index][wordLength] = temp;
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ReverseCharArray

void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30])
{
    int palindromeCount = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        // if the contents in the 'wordsCopy' & 'palindrome'
        // are the same, then the word is a palindrome
        if (strcmp(wordsCopy[index], palindrome[index]) == 0)
        {
            cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << " is a palindrome" << endl;
            ++palindromeCount;
        }
    }
    if (palindromeCount == 0)
    {
        cout << "There were no palindrome's found in the current list!\n";
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 26, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates a simple palindrome checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
 
// constant value
const int NUM_WORDS = 5;
 
// function prototypes
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30]);
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30]);
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30]);
 
int main()
{
    // declare variable
    // this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
    // the ability to hold 5 names, each 30 characters long
    char words[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char wordsCopy[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char palindrome[NUM_WORDS][30];
 
    // get data from user
    cout << "\tWelcome to the Palindrome Check System!\n";
    cout << "\nPlease enter " << NUM_WORDS << " word(s) to check for similarity:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\t#" << index + 1 << ": ";
        cin.getline(words[index], 30);
    }
 
    // copy the user input into the 'wordsCopy' &
    // 'palindrome' char array
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        strcpy(wordsCopy[index], words[index]);
        strcpy(palindrome[index], words[index]);
    }
 
    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;
 
    // re-display the input to the screen
    cout << "\nThis is what you entered into the system:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << endl;
    }
 
    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;
 
    // function declaration
    // convert all the text contained in the 2 arrays to
    // UPPERCASE
    ConvertAllToUpper(wordsCopy, palindrome);
 
    // function declaration
    // reverses all the text contained inside the char array
    // to determine if it is a palindrome
    ReverseCharArray(palindrome);
 
    // display the palindrome's  to the screen
    cout << "\nHere are the palindrome's:\n";
 
    // function declaration
    // checks to see if the text contained in the char
    // array is a palindrome or not
    CheckIfPalindrome(wordsCopy, palindrome, words);
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        for (unsigned currentChar = 0; currentChar < strlen(wordsCopy[index]); ++currentChar)
        {
            // checks each letter in the current array index
            // to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
            // if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
            if (islower(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]))
            {
                wordsCopy[index][currentChar] = toupper(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]);
                palindrome[index][currentChar] = toupper(palindrome[index][currentChar]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper
 
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {    // get the length of the current word in the array index
        int wordLength = strlen(palindrome[index]) - 1;
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        // reversing the order of the array
        for (int currentChar = 0; currentChar < wordLength; --wordLength, ++currentChar)
        {
            // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
            char temp = palindrome[index][currentChar];
            // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
            palindrome[index][currentChar] = palindrome[index][wordLength];
            // copy temp into last array index
            palindrome[index][wordLength] = temp;
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ReverseCharArray
 
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30])
{
    int palindromeCount = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        // if the contents in the 'wordsCopy' & 'palindrome'
        // are the same, then the word is a palindrome
        if (strcmp(wordsCopy[index], palindrome[index]) == 0)
        {
            cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << " is a palindrome" << endl;
            ++palindromeCount;
        }
    }
    if (palindromeCount == 0)
    {
        cout << "There were no palindrome's found in the current list!\n";
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Click here to see how cin.getline works.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: The code was compiled 2 seperate times to demonstrate different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
Welcome to the Palindrome Check System! Please enter 5 word(s) to check for similarity: #1: SteP oN nO PEts #2: My ProGramminG NoTeS #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa #5: LiVE Non Evil ------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: SteP oN nO PEts Text #2: My ProGramminG NoTeS Text #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR Text #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa Text #5: LiVE Non Evil ------------------------------------------------------------ Here are the palindrome's: Text #1: SteP oN nO PEts is a palindrome Text #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR is a palindrome Text #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa is a palindrome Text #5: LiVE Non Evil is a palindrome ====== RUN 2 ====== Welcome to the Palindrome Check System! Please enter 5 word(s) to check for similarity: #1: today Is Great #2: Tomorrow is Foriegn #3: Sunday Brunch #4: Hello SkiPper #5: Mayday Ship DowN! ------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: today Is Great Text #2: Tomorrow is Foriegn Text #3: Sunday Brunch Text #4: Hello SkiPper Text #5: Mayday Ship DowN!
------------------------------------------------------------ Here are the palindrome's: There were no palindrome's found in the current list!

C++ || Char Array – Convert Text Contained In A Character Array From Lower To UPPERCASE

February 25, 2012 admin No comments

This program demonstrates how to switch text which is contained in a char array from lower to UPPERCASE. This program also demonstrates how to convert all of the text contained in a char array to lower/UPPERCASE.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline Islower Isupper Tolower Toupper Strlen While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Setw

Using a constant integer value, this program first asks the user to enter in 3 lines of text they wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE. Upon obtaining the information from the user, the program then converts all the text which was placed into the character array from lower to uppercase in the following order:

(1) Switches the text from lower to UPPERCASE (2) Converts all the text to UPPERCASE (3) Converts all the text to lowercase

After each conversion is complete, the program displays the updated information to the screen via cout.

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib>, #include < cctype>, and #include < cstring> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Convert Text From Lower To UPPERCASE
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;

// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];

	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	return 0;
}// end of main

void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper

void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper

void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/ 
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;
 
// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];
 
	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Click here to see how cin.getline works.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Please enter 3 line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE: #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? #3: My Programming Notes.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. Text #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? Text #3: My Programming Notes. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE: Text #1: i sTRIkE HIm A HEavY BLOw. Text #2: wHEN CaN THE NErVE sHINe? Text #3: mY pROGRAMMING nOTES. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all UPPERCASE: Text #1: I STRIKE HIM A HEAVY BLOW. Text #2: WHEN CAN THE NERVE SHINE? Text #3: MY PROGRAMMING NOTES.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all lowercase: Text #1: i strike him a heavy blow. Text #2: when can the nerve shine? Text #3: my programming notes.

C++ || Snippet – How To Do Simple Math Using Integer Arrays

February 14, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of simple programs which demonstrate the process of doing simple math with numbers that are stored in an integer array.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays For Loops Assignment Operators - Simple Math Operations Setw

Note: In all of the examples on this page, a random number generator was used to place numbers into the array. If you do not know how to obtain data from the user, or if you do not know how to insert data into an array, click here for a demonstration.

===== ADDITION =====

The first code snippet will demonstrate how to add numbers together which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “+=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#1 - Addition Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalSum =0;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe sum of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the sum of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalSum = totalSum + arry[i]
         totalSum += arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalSum <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalSum =0;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe sum of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the sum of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalSum = totalSum + arry[i]
         totalSum += arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalSum <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 64 85 44 31 35 2 94 67 12 80 97 10 -------------------------------------------------------- The sum of the items in the array is: 621

===== SUBTRACTION =====

The second code snippet will demonstrate how to subtract numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “-=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#2 - Subtraction Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalDiffetence =0;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe difference of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the difference of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalDiffetence = totalDiffetence - arry[i]
         totalDiffetence -= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalDiffetence <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalDiffetence =0;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe difference of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the difference of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalDiffetence = totalDiffetence - arry[i]
         totalDiffetence -= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalDiffetence <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 10 43 77 10 2 17 87 67 6 95 57 18 -------------------------------------------------------- The difference of the items in the array is: -489

===== MULTIPLICATION =====

The third code snippet will demonstrate how to multiply numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “*=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#3 - Multiplication Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalProduct =1;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe product of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the product of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalProduct = totalProduct * arry[i];
         totalProduct *= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalProduct <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalProduct =1;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe product of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the product of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalProduct = totalProduct * arry[i];
         totalProduct *= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalProduct <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 33 36 52 28 4 99 97 17 42 81 83 33 -------------------------------------------------------- The product of the items in the array is: 1803759104

===== DIVISION =====

The fourth code snippet will demonstrate how to divide numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “/=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#4 - Division Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     float totalQuotient =1; // need to save the variable as a float, not an int
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe quotient of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the quotient of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalQuotient = totalQuotient / arry[i];
         totalQuotient /= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalQuotient <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     float totalQuotient =1; // need to save the variable as a float, not an int
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe quotient of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the quotient of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalQuotient = totalQuotient / arry[i];
         totalQuotient /= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalQuotient <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 75 38 59 14 53 42 29 88 92 27 69 16 -------------------------------------------------------- The quotient of the items in the array is: 2.72677e-020

C++ || Snippet – How To Find The Highest & Lowest Numbers Contained In An Integer Array

February 12, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of a simple demonstration for finding the highest and lowest numbers contained in an integer array.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays For Loops Setw

Finding the highest/lowest values in an array can be found in one or two ways. The first way would be via a sort, which would render the highest/lowest numbers contained in the array because the values would be sorted in order from highest to lowest. But a sort may not always be practical, especially when you want to keep the array values in the same order that they originally came in.

The second method of finding the highest/lowest values is by traversing through the array, checking each value it contains one by one to determine if the current number which is being compared truly is a target value or not. That method will be displayed below.





		
		
			Find The Highest/Lowest Numbers In An Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  arrayMinMax.cpp
//    Description: Determines the highest and lowest value in an array
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

const int NUM_INTS = 14;

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // Output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }

    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------";

    // use a for loop to go thru the array checking to see the highest/lowest element
    cout << "\nThese are the highest and lowest array values: ";

    // set the lowest/highest to the first array item (if any)
    int lowestScore = NUM_INTS > 0 ? arry[0] : 0;
    int highestScore = lowestScore;
    for (int index = 1; index < NUM_INTS; ++index)
    {
        // if current score in the array is bigger than the current 'highestScore'
        // element, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] > highestScore)
        {
            highestScore = arry[index];
        }

        // if current score in the array is smaller than the current 'lowestScore'
        // element, then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] < lowestScore)
        {
            lowestScore = arry[index];
        }
    }// end for loop

    // display the results to the user
    cout << "\n\tHighest: " << highestScore;
    cout << "\n\tLowest: " << lowestScore;
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  arrayMinMax.cpp
//    Description: Determines the highest and lowest value in an array
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
 
const int NUM_INTS = 14;
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // Output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
 
    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
    // use a for loop to go thru the array checking to see the highest/lowest element
    cout << "\nThese are the highest and lowest array values: ";
 
    // set the lowest/highest to the first array item (if any)
    int lowestScore = NUM_INTS > 0 ? arry[0] : 0;
    int highestScore = lowestScore;
    for (int index = 1; index < NUM_INTS; ++index)
    {
        // if current score in the array is bigger than the current 'highestScore'
        // element, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] > highestScore)
        {
            highestScore = arry[index];
        }
 
        // if current score in the array is smaller than the current 'lowestScore'
        // element, then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] < lowestScore)
        {
            lowestScore = arry[index];
        }
    }// end for loop
 
    // display the results to the user
    cout << "\n\tHighest: " << highestScore;
    cout << "\n\tLowest: " << lowestScore;
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Original array values 10 14 1 94 29 25 7 95 11 17 6 71 100 59 -------------------------------------------------------- These are the highest and lowest array values: Highest: 100 Lowest: 1

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