Tag Archives: array
C++ || Simple Multi Digit, Decimal & Negative Number Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation
The following is sample code which demonstrates the implementation of a multi digit, decimal, and negative number infix to postfix converter and evaluator using C++.
The program demonstrated on this page has the ability to convert and evaluate a single digit, multi digit, decimal number, and/or negative number infix equation. So for example, if the the infix equation of (19.87 * -2) was entered into the program, the converted postfix expression of 19.87 -2 * would display to the screen, as well as the final evaluated answer of -39.74.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
How To Convert Infix To Postfix
How To Evaluate A Postfix Expression
1. Overview
The program demonstrated on this page is different from a previous implementation of the same type in that this version does not use a Finite State Machine during the conversion process, which simplifies the implemetation!
This program has the following flow of control:
• Get an infix expression from the user
• Convert the infix expression to postfix & isolate all of the math operators, multi digit, decimal, negative and single digit numbers that are found in the postfix expression
• Evaluate the postfix expression by breaking the infix string into tokens found from the above step
• Display the evaluated answer to the screen
The above steps are implemented below.
2. Infix To Posfix Conversion & Evaluation
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// ============================================================================ // Author: Kenneth Perkins // Date: Jan 31, 2014 // Updated: Feb 5, 2021 // Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/ // File: InToPostEval.cpp // Description: The following demonstrates the implementation of an infix to // postfix converter and evaluator. This program has the ability to // convert and evaluate multi digit, decimal, negative and positive values // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <cmath> #include <cctype> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <stack> #include <algorithm> #include <exception> #include <stdexcept> // function prototypes void displayDirections(); std::string convertInfixToPostfix(std::string infix); bool isMathOperator(char token); int orderOfOperations(char token); double evaluatePostfix(const std::string& postfix); double calculate(char mathOperator, double value1, double value2); bool isNumeric(char value); bool isNumeric(std::string value); std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& source, const std::string& delimiters = " "); std::string replaceAll(const std::string& source , const std::string& oldValue, const std::string& newValue); int main() { // declare variables std::string infix = ""; // display directions to user displayDirections(); try { // get data from user std::cout << "\nPlease enter an Infix expression: "; std::getline(std::cin, infix); // convert infix to postfix std::string postfix = convertInfixToPostfix(infix); std::cout << "\nThe Infix expression = " << infix; std::cout << "\nThe Postfix expression = " << postfix << std::endl; // evaluate the postfix string double answer = evaluatePostfix(postfix); std::cout << "\nFinal answer = " << answer << std::endl; } catch (std::exception& e) { std::cout << "\nAn error occurred: " + std::string(e.what()) << std::endl; } std::cin.get(); return 0; }// end of main void displayDirections() { // this function displays instructions to the screen std::cout << "\n==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====\n" << "\nMath Operators:\n" << "+ || Addition\n" << "- || Subtraction\n" << "* || Multiplication\n" << "/ || Division\n" << "% || Modulus\n" << "^ || Power\n" << "$ || Square Root\n" << "s || Sine\n" << "c || Cosine\n" << "t || Tangent\n" << "- || Negative Number\n" << "Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))\n"; // ((sin(-4^5)*1.4)/(sqrt(23+2)--2.8))*(cos(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(tan(23))) }// end of displayDirections std::string convertInfixToPostfix(std::string infix) { // this function converts an infix expression to postfix // declare function variables std::string postfix; std::stack<char> charStack; // remove all whitespace from the string infix.erase(std::remove_if(infix.begin(), infix.end(), [](char c) { return std::isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)); }), infix.end()); // negate equations marked with '--' infix = replaceAll(infix, "(--", "("); // automatically convert negative numbers to have the ~ symbol. // this is done so we can distinguish negative numbers and the subtraction symbol for (unsigned x = 0; x < infix.length(); ++x) { if (infix[x] != '-') { continue; } if (x == 0 || infix[x - 1] == '(' || isMathOperator(infix[x - 1])) { infix[x] = '~'; } } // loop thru array until there is no more data for (unsigned x = 0; x < infix.length(); ++x) { // place numbers (standard, decimal, & negative) // numbers onto the 'postfix' string if (isNumeric(infix[x])) { if (postfix.length() > 0 && !isNumeric(postfix.back())) { if (!std::isspace(postfix.back())) { postfix += " "; } } postfix += infix[x]; } else if (std::isspace(infix[x])) { continue; } else if (isMathOperator(infix[x])) { if (postfix.length() > 0 && !std::isspace(postfix.back())) { postfix += " "; } // use the 'orderOfOperations' function to check equality // of the math operator at the top of the stack compared to // the current math operator in the infix string while ((!charStack.empty()) && (orderOfOperations(charStack.top()) >= orderOfOperations(infix[x]))) { // place the math operator from the top of the // stack onto the postfix string and continue the // process until complete if (postfix.length() > 0 && !std::isspace(postfix.back())) { postfix += " "; } postfix += charStack.top(); charStack.pop(); } // push the remaining math operator onto the stack charStack.push(infix[x]); } // push outer parentheses onto stack else if (infix[x] == '(') { charStack.push(infix[x]); } else if (infix[x] == ')') { // pop the current math operator from the stack while ((!charStack.empty()) && (charStack.top() != '(')) { if (postfix.length() > 0 && !std::isspace(postfix.back())) { postfix += " "; } // place the math operator onto the postfix string postfix += charStack.top(); // pop the next operator from the stack and // continue the process until complete charStack.pop(); } // pop '(' symbol off the stack if (!charStack.empty()) { charStack.pop(); } else { // no matching '(' throw std::invalid_argument{ "PARENTHESES MISMATCH" }; } } else { throw std::invalid_argument{ "INVALID INPUT" }; } } // place any remaining math operators from the stack onto // the postfix array while (!charStack.empty()) { if (charStack.top() == '(' || charStack.top() == ')') { throw std::invalid_argument{ "PARENTHESES MISMATCH" }; } if (postfix.length() > 0 && !std::isspace(postfix.back())) { postfix += " "; } postfix += charStack.top(); charStack.pop(); } // replace all '~' symbols with a minus sign postfix = replaceAll(postfix, "~", "-"); return postfix; }// end of convertInfixToPostfix bool isMathOperator(char token) { // this function checks if operand is a math operator switch (std::tolower(token)) { case '+': case '-': case '*': case '/': case '%': case '^': case '$': case 'c': case 's': case 't': return true; break; default: return false; break; } }// end of isMathOperator int orderOfOperations(char token) { // this function returns the priority of each math operator int priority = 0; switch (std::tolower(token)) { case 'c': case 's': case 't': priority = 5; break; case '^': case '$': priority = 4; break; case '*': case '/': case '%': priority = 3; break; case '-': priority = 2; break; case '+': priority = 1; break; } return priority; }// end of orderOfOperations double evaluatePostfix(const std::string& postfix) { // this function evaluates a postfix expression // declare function variables double answer = 0; std::stack<double> doubleStack; // split string into tokens to isolate multi digit, negative and decimal // numbers, aswell as single digit numbers and math operators auto tokens = split(postfix); // display the found tokens to the screen //for (unsigned x = 0; x < tokens.size(); ++x) { // std::cout<< tokens.at(x) << std::endl; //} std::cout << "\nCalculations:\n"; // loop thru array until there is no more data for (unsigned x = 0; x < tokens.size(); ++x) { auto token = tokens[x]; // push numbers & negative numbers onto the stack if (isNumeric(token)) { doubleStack.push(std::atof(token.c_str())); } // if expression is a math operator, pop numbers from stack // & send the popped numbers to the 'calculate' function else if (isMathOperator(token[0]) && (!doubleStack.empty())) { double value1 = 0; double value2 = 0; char mathOperator = static_cast<unsigned char>(std::tolower(token[0])); // if expression is square root, sin, cos, // or tan operation only pop stack once if (mathOperator == '$' || mathOperator == 's' || mathOperator == 'c' || mathOperator == 't') { value2 = 0; value1 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); answer = calculate(mathOperator, value1, value2); doubleStack.push(answer); } else if (doubleStack.size() > 1) { value2 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); value1 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); answer = calculate(mathOperator, value1, value2); doubleStack.push(answer); } } else { // this should never execute, & if it does, something went really wrong throw std::invalid_argument{ "INVALID POSTFIX STRING" }; } } // pop the final answer from the stack, and return to main if (!doubleStack.empty()) { answer = doubleStack.top(); } return answer; }// end of evaluatePostfix double calculate(char mathOperator, double value1, double value2) { // this function carries out the actual math process double ans = 0; switch (std::tolower(mathOperator)) { case '+': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = value1 + value2; break; case '-': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = value1 - value2; break; case '*': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = value1 * value2; break; case '/': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = value1 / value2; break; case '%': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = ((int)value1 % (int)value2) + std::modf(value1, &value2); break; case '^': std::cout << value1 << mathOperator << value2; ans = std::pow(value1, value2); break; case '$': std::cout << char(251) << value1; ans = std::sqrt(value1); break; case 'c': std::cout << "cos(" << value1 << ")"; ans = std::cos(value1); break; case 's': std::cout << "sin(" << value1 << ")"; ans = std::sin(value1); break; case 't': std::cout << "tan(" << value1 << ")"; ans = std::tan(value1); break; default: ans = 0; break; } std::cout << " = " << ans << std::endl; return ans; }// end of calculate std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& source, const std::string& delimiters) { std::size_t prev = 0; std::size_t currentPos = 0; std::vector<std::string> results; while ((currentPos = source.find_first_of(delimiters, prev)) != std::string::npos) { if (currentPos > prev) { results.push_back(source.substr(prev, currentPos - prev)); } prev = currentPos + 1; } if (prev < source.length()) { results.push_back(source.substr(prev, std::string::npos)); } return results; }// end of split std::string replaceAll(const std::string& source , const std::string& oldValue, const std::string& newValue) { if (oldValue.empty()) { return source; } std::string newString; newString.reserve(source.length()); std::size_t lastPos = 0; std::size_t findPos; while (std::string::npos != (findPos = source.find(oldValue, lastPos))) { newString.append(source, lastPos, findPos - lastPos); newString += newValue; lastPos = findPos + oldValue.length(); } newString += source.substr(lastPos); return newString; }// end of replaceAll bool isNumeric(char value) { return std::isdigit(value) || value == '.' || value == '~'; }// end of isNumeric bool isNumeric(std::string value) { for (unsigned index = 0; index < value.length(); ++index) { if (index == 0 && value[index] == '-' && value.length() > 1) { continue; } if (!isNumeric(value[index])) { return false; } } return true; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
The following is sample output.
====== RUN 1 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: 12/3*9
The Infix expression = 12/3*9
The Postfix expression = 12 3 / 9 *Calculations:
12/3 = 4
4*9 = 36Final answer = 36
====== RUN 2 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: -150.89996 - 87.56643
The Infix expression = -150.89996 - 87.56643
The Postfix expression = -150.89996 87.56643 -Calculations:
-150.9-87.5664 = -238.466Final answer = -238.466
====== RUN 3 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
The Infix expression = ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
The Postfix expression = -4 5 ^ s 1.4 * 23 2 + $ -2.8 - / 1 2 % c 7.28 .1987 * 23 t ^ / *Calculations:
-4^5 = -1024
sin(-1024) = 0.158533
0.158533*1.4 = 0.221947
23+2 = 25
√25 = 5
5--2.8 = 7.8
0.221947/7.8 = 0.0284547
1%2 = 1
cos(1) = 0.540302
7.28*0.1987 = 1.44654
tan(23) = 1.58815
1.44654^1.58815 = 1.79733
0.540302/1.79733 = 0.300614
0.0284547*0.300614 = 0.00855389Final answer = 0.00855389
====== RUN 4 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: (1987 + 1991) * -1
The Infix expression = (1987 + 1991) * -1
The Postfix expression = 1987 1991 + -1 *Calculations:
1987+1991 = 3978
3978*-1 = -3978Final answer = -3978
====== RUN 5 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: (1+(2*((3+(4*5))*6)))
The Infix expression = (1+(2*((3+(4*5))*6)))
The Postfix expression = 1 2 3 4 5 * + 6 * * +Calculations:
4*5 = 20
3+20 = 23
23*6 = 138
2*138 = 276
1+276 = 277Final answer = 277
C++ || Multi Digit, Decimal & Negative Number Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation
The following is sample code which demonstrates the implementation of a multi digit, decimal, and negative number infix to postfix converter and evaluator using a Finite State Machine
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
How To Convert Infix To Postfix
How To Evaluate A Postfix Expression
What Is A Finite State Machine?
Using a Finite State Machine, the program demonstrated on this page has the ability to convert and evaluate a single digit, multi digit, decimal number, and/or negative number infix equation. So for example, if the the infix equation of (19.87 * -2) was entered into the program, the converted postfix expression of 19.87 ~2* would display to the screen, as well as the final evaluated answer of -39.74.
NOTE: In this program, negative numbers are represented by the “~” symbol on the postfix string. This is used to differentiate between a negative number and a subtraction symbol.
This program has the following flow of control:
• Get an infix expression from the user
• Convert the infix expression to postfix
• Use a Finite State Machine to isolate all of the math operators, multi digit, decimal, negative and single digit numbers that are found in the postfix expression
• Evaluate the postfix expression using the tokens found from the above step
• Display the evaluated answer to the screen
The above steps are implemented below.
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// ============================================================================ // Author: Kenneth Perkins // Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/ // Date: Jan 31, 2014 // File: InToPostEval.cpp // Description: The following demonstrates the implementation of an infix to // postfix converter and evaluator. Using a Finite State Machine, this // program has the ability to convert and evaluate multi digit, decimal, // negative and positive values. // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <cmath> #include <cctype> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <stack> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; /* This holds the transition states for our Finite State Machine -- They are placed in numerical order for easy understanding within the FSM array, which is located below */ enum FSM_TRANSITIONS { REJECT = 0, INTEGER, REAL, NEGATIVE, OPERATOR, UNKNOWN, SPACE }; /* This is the Finite State Machine -- The zero represents a place holder, so the row in the array starts on row 1 instead of 0 integer, real, negative, operator, unknown, space */ int stateTable[][7] = { {0, INTEGER, REAL, NEGATIVE, OPERATOR, UNKNOWN, SPACE}, /* STATE 1 */ {INTEGER, INTEGER, REAL, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT}, /* STATE 2 */ {REAL, REAL, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT}, /* STATE 3 */ {NEGATIVE, INTEGER, REAL, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT}, /* STATE 4 */ {OPERATOR, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT}, /* STATE 5 */ {UNKNOWN, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, UNKNOWN, REJECT}, /* STATE 6 */ {SPACE, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT, REJECT} }; // function prototypes void DisplayDirections(); string ConvertInfixToPostfix(string infix); bool IsMathOperator(char token); int OrderOfOperations(char token); vector<string> Lexer(string postfix); int Get_FSM_Col(char& currentChar); double EvaluatePostfix(const vector<string>& postfix); double Calculate(char token, double op1, double op2); int main() { // declare variables string infix = ""; string postfix = ""; double answer = 0; vector<string> tokens; // display directions to user DisplayDirections(); // get data from user cout << "\nPlease enter an Infix expression: "; getline(cin, infix); postfix = ConvertInfixToPostfix(infix); // use the "Lexer" function to isolate multi digit, negative and decimal // numbers, aswell as single digit numbers and math operators tokens = Lexer(postfix); // display the found tokens to the screen //for (unsigned x = 0; x < tokens.size(); ++x) //{ // cout<<tokens.at(x)<<endl; //} cout << "\nThe Infix expression = " << infix; cout << "\nThe Postfix expression = " << postfix << endl; answer = EvaluatePostfix(tokens); cout << "\nFinal answer = " << answer << endl; cin.get(); return 0; }// end of main void DisplayDirections() {// this function displays instructions to the screen cout << "\n==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====\n" << "\nMath Operators:\n" << "+ || Addition\n" << "- || Subtraction\n" << "* || Multiplication\n" << "/ || Division\n" << "% || Modulus\n" << "^ || Power\n" << "$ || Square Root\n" << "s || Sine\n" << "c || Cosine\n" << "t || Tangent\n" << "- || Negative Number\n" << "Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))\n"; // ((sin(-4^5)*1.4)/(sqrt(23+2)--2.8))*(cos(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(tan(23))) }// end of DisplayDirections string ConvertInfixToPostfix(string infix) {// this function converts an infix expression to postfix // declare function variables string postfix; stack<char> charStack; // remove all whitespace from the string infix.erase(std::remove_if(infix.begin(), infix.end(), [](char c) { return std::isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)); }), infix.end()); // automatically convert negative numbers to have the ~ symbol for (unsigned x = 0; x < infix.length(); ++x) { if (infix[x] != '-') { continue; } else if (x + 1 < infix.length() && IsMathOperator(infix[x + 1])) { continue; } if (x == 0 || infix[x - 1] == '(' || IsMathOperator(infix[x - 1])) { infix[x] = '~'; } } // loop thru array until there is no more data for (unsigned x = 0; x < infix.length(); ++x) { // place numbers (standard, decimal, & negative) // numbers onto the 'postfix' string if ((isdigit(infix[x])) || (infix[x] == '.') || (infix[x] == '~')) { postfix += infix[x]; } else if (isspace(infix[x])) { continue; } else if (IsMathOperator(infix[x])) { postfix += " "; // use the 'OrderOfOperations' function to check equality // of the math operator at the top of the stack compared to // the current math operator in the infix string while ((!charStack.empty()) && (OrderOfOperations(charStack.top()) >= OrderOfOperations(infix[x]))) { // place the math operator from the top of the // stack onto the postfix string and continue the // process until complete postfix += charStack.top(); charStack.pop(); } // push the remaining math operator onto the stack charStack.push(infix[x]); } // push outer parentheses onto stack else if (infix[x] == '(') { charStack.push(infix[x]); } else if (infix[x] == ')') { // pop the current math operator from the stack while ((!charStack.empty()) && (charStack.top() != '(')) { // place the math operator onto the postfix string postfix += charStack.top(); // pop the next operator from the stack and // continue the process until complete charStack.pop(); } if (!charStack.empty()) // pop '(' symbol off the stack { charStack.pop(); } else // no matching '(' { cout << "\nPARENTHESES MISMATCH #1\n"; exit(1); } } else { cout << "\nINVALID INPUT #1\n"; exit(1); } } // place any remaining math operators from the stack onto // the postfix array while (!charStack.empty()) { postfix += charStack.top(); charStack.pop(); } return postfix; }// end of ConvertInfixToPostfix bool IsMathOperator(char token) {// this function checks if operand is a math operator switch (tolower(token)) { case '+': case '-': case '*': case '/': case '%': case '^': case '$': case 'c': case 's': case 't': return true; break; default: return false; break; } }// end of IsMathOperator int OrderOfOperations(char token) {// this function returns the priority of each math operator int priority = 0; switch (tolower(token)) { case 'c': case 's': case 't': priority = 5; break; case '^': case '$': priority = 4; break; case '*': case '/': case '%': priority = 3; break; case '-': priority = 2; break; case '+': priority = 1; break; } return priority; }// end of OrderOfOperations vector<string> Lexer(string postfix) {// this function parses a postfix string using an FSM to generate // each individual token in the expression vector<string> tokens; char currentChar = ' '; int col = REJECT; int currentState = REJECT; string currentToken = ""; // use an FSM to parse multidigit and decimal numbers // also does error check for invalid input of decimals for (unsigned x = 0; x < postfix.length();) { currentChar = postfix[x]; // get the column number for the current character col = Get_FSM_Col(currentChar); // exit if the real number has multiple periods "." // in the expression (i.e: 19.3427.23) if ((currentState == REAL) && (col == REAL)) { cerr << "\nINVALID INPUT #2\n"; exit(1); } /* ======================================================== THIS IS WHERE WE CHECK THE FINITE STATE MACHINE TABLE USING THE "col" VARIABLE FROM ABOVE ^ ========================================================= */ // get the current state of our machine currentState = stateTable[currentState][col]; /* =================================================== THIS IS WHERE WE CHECK FOR A SUCCESSFUL PARSE - If the current state in our machine == REJECT (the starting state), then we have successfully parsed a token, which is returned to its caller - ELSE we continue trying to find a successful token =================================================== */ if (currentState == REJECT) { if (currentToken != " ") // we dont care about whitespace { tokens.push_back(currentToken); } currentToken = ""; } else { currentToken += currentChar; ++x; } } // this ensures the last token gets saved when // we reach the end of the postfix string buffer if (currentToken != " ") // we dont care about whitespace { tokens.push_back(currentToken); } return tokens; }// end of Lexer int Get_FSM_Col(char& currentChar) {// this function determines the state of the type of character being examined // check for whitespace if (isspace(currentChar)) { return SPACE; } // check for integer numbers else if (isdigit(currentChar)) { return INTEGER; } // check for real numbers else if (currentChar == '.') { return REAL; } // check for negative numbers else if (currentChar == '~') { currentChar = '-'; return NEGATIVE; } // check for math operators else if (IsMathOperator(currentChar)) { return OPERATOR; } return UNKNOWN; }// end of Get_FSM_Col double EvaluatePostfix(const vector<string>& postfix) {// this function evaluates a postfix expression // declare function variables double op1 = 0; double op2 = 0; double answer = 0; stack<double> doubleStack; cout << "\nCalculations:\n"; // loop thru array until there is no more data for (unsigned x = 0; x < postfix.size(); ++x) { // push numbers onto the stack if ((isdigit(postfix[x][0])) || (postfix[x][0] == '.')) { doubleStack.push(atof(postfix[x].c_str())); } // push negative numbers onto the stack else if ((postfix[x].length() > 1) && ((postfix[x][0] == '-') && (isdigit(postfix[x][1]) || (postfix[x][1] == '.')))) { doubleStack.push(atof(postfix[x].c_str())); } // if expression is a math operator, pop numbers from stack // & send the popped numbers to the 'Calculate' function else if (IsMathOperator(postfix[x][0]) && (!doubleStack.empty())) { char token = tolower(postfix[x][0]); // if expression is square root, sin, cos, // or tan operation only pop stack once if (token == '$' || token == 's' || token == 'c' || token == 't') { op2 = 0; op1 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); answer = Calculate(token, op1, op2); doubleStack.push(answer); } else if (doubleStack.size() > 1) { op2 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); op1 = doubleStack.top(); doubleStack.pop(); answer = Calculate(token, op1, op2); doubleStack.push(answer); } } else // this should never execute, & if it does, something went really wrong { cout << "\nINVALID INPUT #3\n"; exit(1); } } // pop the final answer from the stack, and return to main if (!doubleStack.empty()) { answer = doubleStack.top(); } return answer; }// end of EvaluatePostfix double Calculate(char token, double op1, double op2) {// this function carries out the actual math process double ans = 0; switch (tolower(token)) { case '+': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = op1 + op2; break; case '-': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = op1 - op2; break; case '*': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = op1 * op2; break; case '/': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = op1 / op2; break; case '%': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = ((int)op1 % (int)op2) + modf(op1, &op2); break; case '^': cout << op1 << token << op2 << " = "; ans = pow(op1, op2); break; case '$': cout << char(251) << op1 << " = "; ans = sqrt(op1); break; case 'c': cout << "cos(" << op1 << ") = "; ans = cos(op1); break; case 's': cout << "sin(" << op1 << ") = "; ans = sin(op1); break; case 't': cout << "tan(" << op1 << ") = "; ans = tan(op1); break; default: ans = 0; break; } cout << ans << endl; return ans; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
The following is sample output.
====== RUN 1 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
~ || Negative NumberSample Infix Equation: ((s(~4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)-~2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
Please enter an Infix expression: 12/3*9
The Infix expression = 12/3*9
The Postfix expression = 12 3 /9*Calculations:
12/3 = 4
4*9 = 36Final answer = 36
====== RUN 2 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
~ || Negative NumberSample Infix Equation: ((s(~4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)-~2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
Please enter an Infix expression: -150.89996 - 87.56643
The Infix expression = -150.89996 - 87.56643
The Postfix expression = ~150.89996 87.56643-Calculations:
-150.9-87.5664 = -238.466Final answer = -238.466
====== RUN 3 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
~ || Negative NumberSample Infix Equation: ((s(~4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)-~2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
Please enter an Infix expression: ((s(~4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)-~2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
The Infix expression = ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))
The Postfix expression = ~4 5^ s1.4* 23 2+ $~2.8-/ 1 2% c7.28 .1987* 23t^/*Calculations:
-4^5 = -1024
sin(-1024) = 0.158533
0.158533*1.4 = 0.221947
23+2 = 25
√25 = 5
5--2.8 = 7.8
0.221947/7.8 = 0.0284547
1%2 = 1
cos(1) = 0.540302
7.28*0.1987 = 1.44654
tan(23) = 1.58815
1.44654^1.58815 = 1.79733
0.540302/1.79733 = 0.300614
0.0284547*0.300614 = 0.00855389Final answer = 0.00855389
====== RUN 4 ======
==== Infix To Postfix Conversion & Evaluation ====
Math Operators:
+ || Addition
- || Subtraction
* || Multiplication
/ || Division
% || Modulus
^ || Power
$ || Square Root
s || Sine
c || Cosine
t || Tangent
- || Negative Number
Sample Infix Equation: ((s(-4^5)*1.4)/($(23+2)--2.8))*(c(1%2)/(7.28*.1987)^(t23))Please enter an Infix expression: (1987 + 1991) * -1
The Infix expression = (1987 + 1991) * -1
The Postfix expression = 1987 1991+ ~1*Calculations:
1987+1991 = 3978
3978*-1 = -3978Final answer = -3978
Java || Snippet – How To Do Simple Math Using Integer Arrays
This page will consist of simple programs which demonstrate the process of doing simple math with numbers that are stored in an integer array.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET
Integer Arrays
The "Random" Class
For Loops
Assignment Operators - Simple Math Operations
Custom Setw/Setfill In Java
Note: In all of the examples on this page, a random number generator was used to place numbers into the array. If you do not know how to obtain data from the user, or if you do not know how to insert data into an array, click here for a demonstration.
===== ADDITION =====
The first code snippet will demonstrate how to add numbers together which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “+=” assignment operator.
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import java.util.Random; public class Addition { // global variable declaration static Random rand = new Random(); static final int NUM_INTS = 12; // const int allocating space for the array public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int[] arry = new int[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable int totalSum = 0; System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // place random numbers into the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { arry[x] = rand.nextInt(100)+1; } System.out.println("Original array values:"); // Display the original array values for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { System.out.print(arry[x]+" "); } // creates a line seperator if user wants to enter new data System.out.println(""); setwRF("", 50, '-'); System.out.print("nThe sum of the items in the array is: "); // Find the sum of the values in the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { // the code below literally means // totalSum = totalSum + arry[x] totalSum += arry[x]; } // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user System.out.println(totalSum); }// end of main public static void setwRF(String str, int width, char fill) { System.out.print(str); for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) { System.out.print(fill); } }// end of setwRF }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
SAMPLE OUTPUT
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Original array values:
22 26 41 89 35 90 15 99 85 5 95 86
--------------------------------------------------
The sum of the items in the array is: 688
===== SUBTRACTION =====
The second code snippet will demonstrate how to subtract numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “-=” assignment operator.
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import java.util.Random; public class Subtraction { // global variable declaration static Random rand = new Random(); static final int NUM_INTS = 12; // const int allocating space for the array public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int[] arry = new int[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable int totalSum = 0; System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // place random numbers into the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { arry[x] = rand.nextInt(100)+1; } System.out.println("Original array values:"); // Display the original array values for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { System.out.print(arry[x]+" "); } // creates a line seperator if user wants to enter new data System.out.println(""); setwRF("", 50, '-'); System.out.print("nThe difference of the items in the array is: "); // Find the sum of the values in the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { // the code below literally means // totalSum = totalSum - arry[x] totalSum -= arry[x]; } // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user System.out.println(totalSum); }// end of main public static void setwRF(String str, int width, char fill) { System.out.print(str); for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) { System.out.print(fill); } }// end of setwRF }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
SAMPLE OUTPUT
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Original array values:
99 92 91 26 1 52 98 62 51 22 64 65
--------------------------------------------------
The difference of the items in the array is: -723
===== MULTIPLICATION =====
The third code snippet will demonstrate how to multiply numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “*=” assignment operator.
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import java.util.Random; public class Multiplication { // global variable declaration static Random rand = new Random(); static final int NUM_INTS = 12; // const int allocating space for the array public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int[] arry = new int[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable int totalSum = 1; System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // place random numbers into the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { arry[x] = rand.nextInt(100)+1; } System.out.println("Original array values:"); // Display the original array values for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { System.out.print(arry[x]+" "); } // creates a line seperator if user wants to enter new data System.out.println(""); setwRF("", 50, '-'); System.out.print("nThe product of the items in the array is: "); // Find the sum of the values in the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { // the code below literally means // totalSum = totalSum * arry[x] totalSum *= arry[x]; } // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user System.out.println(totalSum); }// end of main public static void setwRF(String str, int width, char fill) { System.out.print(str); for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) { System.out.print(fill); } }// end of setwRF }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
SAMPLE OUTPUT
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Original array values:
95 63 32 19 93 83 71 35 32 37 66 95
--------------------------------------------------
The product of the items in the array is: 494770176
===== DIVISION =====
The fourth code snippet will demonstrate how to divide numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “/=” assignment operator.
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import java.util.Random; public class Division { // global variable declaration static Random rand = new Random(); static final int NUM_INTS = 12; // const int allocating space for the array public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int[] arry = new int[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable double totalSum = 1; System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // place random numbers into the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { arry[x] = rand.nextInt(100)+1; } System.out.println("Original array values:"); // Display the original array values for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { System.out.print(arry[x]+" "); } // creates a line seperator if user wants to enter new data System.out.println(""); setwRF("", 50, '-'); System.out.print("nThe quotient of the items in the array is: "); // Find the sum of the values in the array for(int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x) { // the code below literally means // totalSum = totalSum / arry[x] totalSum /= arry[x]; } // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user System.out.println(totalSum); }// end of main public static void setwRF(String str, int width, char fill) { System.out.print(str); for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) { System.out.print(fill); } }// end of setwRF }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
SAMPLE OUTPUT
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Original array values:
28 85 90 52 1 64 93 85 4 22 4 28
--------------------------------------------------
The quotient of the items in the array is: 1.8005063061510687E-17
Java || Snippet – How To Find The Highest & Lowest Numbers Contained In An Integer Array
This page will consist of a simple demonstration for finding the highest and lowest numbers contained in an integer array.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET
Finding the highest/lowest values in an array can be found in one or two ways. The first way would be via a sort, which would obviously render the highest/lowest numbers contained in the array because the values would be sorted in order from highest to lowest. But a sort may not always be practical, especially when you want to keep the array values in the same order that they originally came in.
The second method of finding the highest/lowest values is by traversing through the array, literally checking each value it contains one by one to determine if the current number which is being compared truly is a target value or not. That method will be displayed below.
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import java.util.Random; public class HighestLowestArray { // global variable declaration final static int ARRAY_SIZE = 14; // const int allocating space for the array static Random rand = new Random(); // this is the call to the "Random" class public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int[] arry = new int[ARRAY_SIZE]; int highestScore = -999999; int lowestScore = 999999; System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // place random numbers into the array for(int x = 0; x < ARRAY_SIZE; ++x) { arry[x] = rand.nextInt(100)+1; } System.out.println("Original array values:"); // Output the original array values for(int x = 0; x < ARRAY_SIZE; ++x) { System.out.print(arry[x]+" "); } System.out.println(""); // creates a line seperator setwLF("",60,'-'); // use a for loop to go thru the array checking to see the highest/lowest element System.out.print("nThese are the highest and lowest array values: "); for(int index=0; index < ARRAY_SIZE; ++index) { // if current score in the array is bigger than the current 'highestScore' // element, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current array element if(arry[index] > highestScore) { highestScore = arry[index]; } // if current 'lowestScore' element is bigger than the current array element, // then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current array element if(arry[index] < lowestScore) { lowestScore = arry[index]; } }// end for loop // display the results to the user System.out.print("nHighest: "+highestScore); System.out.print("nLowest: "+lowestScore); System.out.println(""); }// end of main static public void setwLF(String str, int width, char fill) { for (int x = str.length(); x < width; ++x) { System.out.print(fill); } System.out.print(str); }// end of setwLF }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Original array values:
36 35 46 86 86 58 44 38 79 52 27 78 65 79
------------------------------------------------------------
These are the highest and lowest array values:
Highest: 86
Lowest: 27
Java || Snippet – How To Input Numbers Into An Integer Array & Display Its Contents Back To User
This snippet demonstrates how to place numbers into an integer array. It also shows how to display the contents of the array back to the user via stdout.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET
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import java.util.Scanner; public class ArrayInput { // global variable declaration static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); final static int ARRAY_SIZE = 100; // const int allocating space for the array public static void main(String[] args) { // declare & initialize variables int numElems = 0; int[] myArray = new int[ARRAY_SIZE]; // declare array which has the ability to hold 100 elements System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // ask user how many items they want to place in array System.out.print("How many items do you want to place into the array?: "); numElems = cin.nextInt(); System.out.println(""); // user enters data into array using a for loop // you can also use a while loop, but for loops are more common // when dealing with arrays for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index) { System.out.print("Enter item #"+(index+1)+": "); myArray[index] = cin.nextInt(); } // display data to user System.out.print("nThe current items inside the array are: "); // display contents inside array using a for loop for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index) { System.out.print("nItem #"+(index+1)+": "+myArray[index]); } System.out.println(""); }// end of main }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.How many items do you want to place into the array?: 5
Enter item #1: 12
Enter item #2: 43
Enter item #3: 5
Enter item #4: 643
Enter item #5: 2321The current items inside the array are:
Item #1: 12
Item #2: 43
Item #3: 5
Item #4: 643
Item #5: 2321
C++ || Convert Numbers To Words Using A Switch Statement
This program demonstrates more practice using arrays and switch statements.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Integer Arrays
Cin.get
Isdigit
For loops
While Loops
Switch Statements - How To Use
Using “cin.get(),” this program first asks the user to enter in a number (one at a time) that they wish to translate into words. If the text which was entered into the system is a number, the program will save the user input into an integer array. If the text is not a number, the input is discarded. After integer data is obtained, a for loop is used to traverse the integer array, passing the data to a switch statement, which translates the number to text.
This program is very simple, so it does not have the ability to display any number prefixes. As a result, if the number “1858” was entered into the system, the program would output the converted text: “One Eight Five Eight.”
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#include <iostream> #include <cctype> using namespace std; int main() { // declare variables int numberArry[50]; int numElems=0; char singleNum=' '; // ask the user for a number cout<<"Enter number: "; // get data from the user, one character at a time while(cin.get(singleNum) && singleNum != 'n') { // only numbers will be saved into the array, everything // else is ignored if(isdigit(singleNum)) { // this converts a char into an integer using ascii values numberArry[numElems] = (singleNum)-'0'; ++numElems; } } cout<<endl; // using the data from the array, display the // numbers to the screen using a switch statement for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index) { switch(numberArry[index]) { case 0 : cout<<"Zero "; break; case 1 : cout<<"One "; break; case 2: cout<<"Two "; break; case 3: cout<<"Three "; break; case 4: cout<<"Four "; break; case 5: cout<<"Five "; break; case 6: cout<<"Six "; break; case 7: cout<<"Seven "; break; case 8: cout<<"Eight "; break; case 9: cout<<"Nine "; break; default: cout<<"nERROR!n"; break; } } cout<<endl; return 0; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Note: The code was compiled four separate times to display different output
======= Run #1 =======Enter number: 77331
Seven Seven Three Three One
======= Run #2 =======
Enter number: 234-43-1275
Two Three Four Four Three One Two Seven Five
======= Run #3 =======
Enter number: 1(800) 123-5678
One Eight Zero Zero One Two Three Five Six Seven Eight
======= Run #4 =======
Enter number: This 34 Is 24 A 5 Number 28
Three Four Two Four Five Two Eight
C++ || Char Array – Palindrome Number Checker Using A Character Array, Strlen, Strcpy, & Strcmp
The following is a palindromic number checking program, which demonstrates more use of character array’s, Strlen, & Strcmp.
Want sample code for a palindrome checker which works for numbers and words? Click here.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Character Arrays
How to reverse a character array
Palindrome - What is it?
Strlen
Strcpy
Strcmp
Isdigit
Atoi - Convert a char array to a number
Do/While Loops
For Loops
This program first asks the user to enter a number that they wish to compare for similarity. If the number which was entered into the system is a palindrome, the program will prompt a message to the user via cout. This program determines similarity by using the strcmp function to compare two arrays together. Using a for loop, this program also demonstrates how to reverse a character array, aswell as demonstrates how to determine if the text contained in a character array is a number or not.
This program will repeatedly prompt the user for input until an “exit code” is obtained. The designated exit code in this program is the number 0 (zero). So the program will not stop asking for user input until the number 0 is entered into the program.
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// ============================================================================ // Author: Kenneth Perkins // Date: Jul 10, 2012 // Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/ // File: palindrome.cpp // Description: Palindrome number checker // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <cctype> #include <cstring> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; // function prototypes void Reverse(char arry[]); bool IsArryANum(char arry[]); // constant, which is the exit value const char* EXIT_VALUE = "0"; int main() { // declare variables char arry[80]; char arryReversed[80]; do{// get data from user using do/while loop cout<<"\nEnter a positive integer, or ("<<EXIT_VALUE<<") to exit: "; cin >> arry; if(atoi(arry) < 0) // check for negative numbers { cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" must be greater than zero\n"; } else if(!IsArryANum(arry)) // check for any letters { cout <<"\n*** Error: "<<arry<<" is not an integer\n"; } else if(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) == 0) // check for "exit code" { cout <<"\nExiting program...\n"; } else // if all else is good, determine if number is a palindrome { // copy the user input from the first array (arry) // into the second array (arryReversed) strcpy(arryReversed, arry); // function call to reverse the contents inside the // "arryReversed" array to check for similarity Reverse(arryReversed); cout <<endl<<arry; // use strcmp to determine if the two arrays are the same if(strcmp(arryReversed, arry) == 0) { cout <<" is a Palindrome..\n"; } else { cout <<" is NOT a Palindrome!\n"; } } }while(strcmp(EXIT_VALUE, arry) != 0); // keep going until user enters the exit value cout <<"\nBYE!\n"; return 0; }// end of main void Reverse(char arry[]) { // get the length of the current word in the array index int length = strlen(arry)-1; // increment thru each letter within the current char array index // reversing the order of the array for (int currentChar=0; currentChar < length; --length, ++currentChar) { // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp char temp = arry[currentChar]; // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index arry[currentChar] = arry[length]; // copy temp into last array index arry[length] = temp; } }// end of Reverse bool IsArryANum(char arry[]) { // LOOP UNTIL U REACH THE NULL CHARACTER, // AKA THE END OF THE CHAR ARRAY for(int x=0; arry[x]!='\0'; ++x) { // if the current char isnt a number, // exit the loop & return false if(!isdigit(arry[x])) { return false; } } return true; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: L33T*** error: "L33T" is not an integer
Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: -728
*** error: -728 must be greater than zero
Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 1858
1858 is NOT a Palindrome!
Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 7337
7337 is a Palindrome..
Enter a positive integer, or (0) to exit: 0
Exiting program...
BYE!
Java || Searching An Integer Array For A Target Value
Here is another actual homework assignment which was presented in an intro to programming class which was used to introduce more practice using integer arrays.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Integer Arrays
For Loops
Methods (A.K.A "Functions") - What Are They?
Final Variables
If/Else Statements
This is a small and simple program which demonstrates how to search for a target value which is stored in an integer array. This program first prompts the user to enter five values into an int array. After the user enters all the values into the system, it then displays a prompt asking the user for a search value. Once it has a search value, the program searches through the array looking for the target value; and wherever the value is found, the program display’s the current array index in which that target value is located. After it displays all the locations where the target value resides, it display’s the total number of occurrences the search value was found within the array.
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import java.util.Scanner; public class ArraySearch { // global variable declaration static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); static final int NUM_INTS = 5; public static void main(String[] args) { // declare variables int searchValue = 0; int numOccurences = 0; int[] numValues = new int[NUM_INTS]; // int array size is initialized with a const value // display message to screen System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // get data from user via a 'for loop' System.out.println("Please enter "+ NUM_INTS +" integer values:"); for (int index=0; index < NUM_INTS; ++index) { System.out.print("#" + (index + 1) + ": "); numValues[index] = cin.nextInt(); } // get a search value from the user System.out.print("Please enter a search value: "); searchValue = cin.nextInt(); System.out.println(""); // finds the number of occurences the search value was found in the array numOccurences = SearchArray(numValues, searchValue); // display data to user System.out.println("nThe total occurrences of value "+ searchValue + " within the array is: " + numOccurences); }// end of main // ==== SearchArray =========================================================== // // This method will take as input the array, the number of array // elements, and the target value to search for. The function will traverse // the array looking for the target value, and when it finds it, display the // index location within the array. // // Input: // limit [IN] -- the array, the number of array // elements, and the target value // // Output: // The total number of occurrences of the target value in the array // // ============================================================================ public static int SearchArray(int[] numValues, int searchValue) { int numFound=0; for (int index=0; index < NUM_INTS; ++index) { if (numValues[index] == searchValue) { System.out.println("t" + searchValue + " was found at array " + "index #" + index); ++numFound; // if the search values was found, // increment the variable by 1 } } return numFound; } }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output:
Note: The code was compiled 3 separate times to display the different outputs its able to produce
====== RUN 1 ======Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Please enter 5 integer values:
#1: 25
#2: 25
#3: 25
#4: 25
#5: 25
Please enter a search value: 2525 was found at array index #0
25 was found at array index #1
25 was found at array index #2
25 was found at array index #3
25 was found at array index #4The total occurrences of value 25 within the array is: 5
====== RUN 2 ======
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Please enter 5 integer values:
#1: 8
#2: 19
#3: 97
#4: 56
#5: 8
Please enter a search value: 88 was found at array index #0
8 was found at array index #4The total occurrences of value 8 within the array is: 2
====== RUN 3 ======
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.
Please enter 5 integer values:
#1: 78
#2: 65
#3: 3
#4: 45
#5: 89
Please enter a search value: 12The total occurrences of value 12 within the array is: 0
Java || Find The Average Using an Array – Omit Highest And Lowest Scores
This page will consist of two programs which calculates the average of a specific amount of numbers using an array.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR BOTH PROGRAMS
Double Data Type
Final Variables
Arrays
For Loops
Assignment Operators
Basic Math - How To Find The Average
====== FIND THE AVERAGE USING AN ARRAY ======
The first program is fairly simple, and it was used to introduce the array concept. The program prompts the user to enter the total amount of numbers they want to find the average for, then the program displays the answer to them via stdout.
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import java.util.Scanner; public class FindTheAverage { // global variable declaration static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); public static void main(String[] args) { // declare variables int numElems = 0; double sum = 0; double[] average = new double[100]; // declare array which has the ability to hold 100 elements // display message to screen System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); // determine how many numbers the user wants in the array System.out.print("How many numbers do you want to find the average for?: "); numElems = cin.nextInt(); System.out.println(""); // user enters data into array using a for loop // you can also use a while loop, but for loops are more common // when dealing with arrays for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index) { System.out.print("Enter value #" +(index+1)+ ": "); average[index] = cin.nextDouble(); sum += average[index]; } // find the average. // Note: the expression below literally // means: sum = sum / numElems; sum /= numElems; System.out.println("nThe average of the " + numElems + " numbers is " + sum); }// end of main }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
ARRAY
Notice the array declaration on line #13. The type of array being used in this program is a dynamic array, which has the ability to store up to 100 integer elements in the array. You can change the number of elements its able to store to a higher or lower number if you wish.
FOR LOOP
Lines 27-32 contains a for loop, which is used to actually store the data inside of the array. Without some type of loop, it is virtually impossible for the user to input data into the array; that is, unless you want to add 100 different println statements into your code asking the user to input data. Line 31 uses the assignment operator “+=” which gives us a running total of the data that is being inputted into the array. Note the loop only stores as many elements as the user so desires, so if the user only wants to input 3 numbers into the array, the for loop will only execute 3 times.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output:
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.How many numbers do you want to find the average for?: 4
Enter value #1: 21
Enter value #2: 24
Enter value #3: 19
Enter value #4: 17
The average of the 4 numbers is 20.25
====== FIND THE AVERAGE – OMIT HIGHEST AND LOWEST SCORES ======
The second program is really practical in a real world setting. We were asked to create a program for a fictional competition which had 6 judges. The 6 judges each gave a score of the performance for a competitor in a competition, (i.e a score of 1-10), and we were asked to find the average of those scores, omitting the highest/lowest results. The program was to store the scores into an array, display the scores back to the user via stdout, display the highest and lowest scores among the 6 obtained, display the average of the 6 scores, and finally display the average adjusted scores omitting the highest and lowest result.
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import java.util.Scanner; public class FindOmittedAverage { // global variable declaration static Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); static final int NUM_JUDGES = 6; public static void main(String[] args) { // declare variables double highestScore = -999999; double lowestScore = 999999; double sumOfScores = 0; double avgScores = 0; double[] scores = new double[NUM_JUDGES]; // array is initialized using a final variable // display message to screen System.out.println("Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.n"); System.out.print("Judges, enter one score each for the current competitor: "); // use a for loop to obtain data from user using the final variable for(int index=0; index < NUM_JUDGES; ++index) { // this puts data into the current array index scores[index] = cin.nextDouble(); // this calculates a running total of all the scores // adding each element in the array together sumOfScores += scores[index]; // if current score in the array index is bigger than the current 'highestScore' // value, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current value in the array if(scores[index] > highestScore) { highestScore = scores[index]; } // if current score in the array index is smaller than the current 'lowestScore' // value, then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current value in the array if(lowestScore > scores[index]) { lowestScore = scores[index]; } } System.out.print("nThese are the scores from the " + NUM_JUDGES + " judges: "); // use another for loop to redisplay the data back to the user via stdout for(int index=0; index < NUM_JUDGES; ++index) { System.out.print("nThe score for judge #"+(index+1)+" is: "+scores[index]); } // display the highest/lowest numbers to the screen System.out.print("nnThese are the highest and lowest scores: "); System.out.print("ntHighest: "+ highestScore); System.out.print("ntLowest: "+ lowestScore); // find the average avgScores = sumOfScores/NUM_JUDGES; System.out.print("nThe average score is: "+ avgScores); // reset data back to 0 so we can find the ommitted average sumOfScores = 0; avgScores = 0; System.out.print("nThe average adjusted score omitting the highest and lowest result is: "); // final loop, which calculates a running total, adding each element // in the array together, this time omitting the highest/lowest scores for(int index=0; index < NUM_JUDGES; ++index) { // IF(current score isnt equal to the highest elem) AND (current score isnt equal lowest elem) // THEN create a running total if((scores[index] != highestScore) && (scores[index] != lowestScore)) { sumOfScores += scores[index]; } } // find the average, minus the 2 scores avgScores = sumOfScores/(NUM_JUDGES-2); System.out.print(avgScores); }// end of main }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
FINAL
A final variable was declared and used to initialize the array (line 7). This was used to initialize the size of the array.
FOR LOOPS
Once again loops were used to traverse the array, as noted on lines 24, 51 and 73. The final variable was also used within the for loops, making it easier to modify the code if its necessary to reduce or increase the number of available judges.
HIGHEST/LOWEST SCORES
This is noted on lines 35-45, and it is really simple to understand the process once you see the code.
OMITTING HIGHEST/LOWEST SCORE
Lines 73-81 highlights this process. The loop basically traverses the array, skipping over the highest/lowest elements.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Welcome to My Programming Notes' Java Program.Judges, enter one score each for
the current competitor: 123 453 -789 2 23345 987These are the scores from the 6 judges:
The score for judge #1 is: 123.0
The score for judge #2 is: 453.0
The score for judge #3 is: -789.0
The score for judge #4 is: 2.0
The score for judge #5 is: 23345.0
The score for judge #6 is: 987.0These are the highest and lowest scores:
Highest: 23345.0
Lowest: -789.0
The average score is: 4020.1666666666665
The average adjusted score omitting the highest and lowest result is: 391.25
C++ || Char Array – Determine If A String Is A Number Or Not
The following is another intermediate homework assignment which was presented in a C++ programming course. This program was assigned to introduce more practice using and manipulating character arrays.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Character Arrays
Cin.getline
Strlen - Get The Length Of A Char Array
Isalpha
Isspace
This program first prompts the user to input a line of text. After it obtains data from the user, using a for loop, it then displays the the string to the screen one letter (char) at a time. If the current character at that specific array index is a letter, a “flag” is set, indicating that the current word which is being displayed is not a number. If the “flag” is not set, the current word is indeed a number.
This program has the ability to intake multiple words at a time, so for example, if the user input was “Hello World 2012” the program would display the output:
Hello is NOT a number!
World is NOT a number!
2012 is a number..
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// ============================================================================ // Author: Kenneth Perkins // Date: May 24, 2012 // Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/ // File: isNumber.cpp // Description: Demonstrates checking if a char array is a number // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <cstring> #include <cctype> using namespace std; // function prototype void IsArryANum(char arry[]); int main() { // declare & initialize variables char arry[256]; // obtain data from user cout << "Enter some text to see if its a number or not: "; cin.getline(arry, sizeof(arry)); // getting line cout<<endl; IsArryANum(arry); return 0; }// end of main void IsArryANum(char arry[]) { int notANumber = 0; int length = strlen(arry); // get the length of the char array // and place a [space] at the end of it. Then // set the array index after the [space] to NULL arry[length] = ' '; arry[length + 1] = '\0'; // increment the length to account for the space we just added ++length; for(int x = 0; x < length; ++x) { cout <<arry[x]; // display the char at the current index // if the current char isnt a number, increment counter if(isalpha(arry[x])) { ++notANumber; } // if curerent char is a space, that indicates we are // at the end of the current word, so we // display the results to the user else if(isspace(arry[x])) { if (notANumber > 0) { cout <<"is NOT a number!" <<" There are "<<notANumber<<" letters" <<" in that word...\n"; } else { cout <<"is a number..\n"; } notANumber = 0; } } }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compiled three separate times to display different output)
====== RUN 1 ======Enter some text to see if its a number or not: My Programming Notes
My is NOT a number! There are 2 letters in that word...
Programming is NOT a number! There are 11 letters in that word...
Notes is NOT a number! There are 5 letters in that word...====== RUN 2 ======
Enter some text to see if its a number or not: May 30th 2012
May is NOT a number! There are 3 letters in that word...
30th is NOT a number! There are 2 letters in that word...
2012 is a number..====== RUN 3 ======
Enter some text to see if its a number or not: 5 31 2012
5 is a number..
31 is a number..
2012 is a number..
C++ || Stack – Using A Stack, Determine If A Set Of Parentheses Is Well-Formed
Here is another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. This assignment was used to introduce the stack ADT, and helped prepare our class for two later assignments which required using a stack. Those assignments can be found here:
(1) Stack Based Infix To Postfix Conversion (Single Digit)
(2) Stack Based Postfix Evaluation (Single Digit)
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Stack Data Structure
Cin.getline
#include "ClassStackListType.h"
A simple exercise for testing a stack is determining whether a set of parenthesis is “well formed” or not. What exactly is meant by that? In the case of a pair of parenthesis, for an expression to be well formed, consider the following table.
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Well-Formed Expressions | Ill-Formed Expressions ------------------------------------|-------------------------------------- ( a b c [ ] ) | ( a b c [ ) ( ) [ ] { } | ( ( { ( a b c d e ) ( ) } | [ a b c d e ) ( ) } ( a + [ b - c ] / d ) | ( a + [ b - c } / d ) |
Given an expression with characters and parenthesis, ( ), [ ], and { }, our class was asked to determine if an expression was well formed or not by using the following algorithm:
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// An algorithm for a Well Formed expression Set 'balanced' to true Set 'symbol' to the first character in the current expression while(there are more characters AND 'balanced' == true) { if('symbol' is an opening symbol) { Push 'symbol' onto the stack } else if('symbol' is a closing symbol) { if the stack is empty 'balanced' = false else Set the 'openSymbol' to the item at the top of the stack Pop the stack Check to see if 'symbol' matches 'openSymbol' (i.e - if openSymbol == '(' and symbol == ')' then 'balanced' = true) } Set 'symbol' to the next character in the current expression } if('balanced' == true AND stack is empty) { Expression is well formed } else { Expression is NOT well formed }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
======= WELL-FORMED EXPRESSIONS =======
This program uses a custom template.h class. To obtain the code for that class, click here.
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// ============================================================================ // Author: Kenneth Perkins // Date: May 14, 2012 // Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/ // File: wellFormed.cpp // Description: Demonstrates how to check if an expression is well formed // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include "ClassStackListType.h" using namespace std; // function prototypes bool IsOpen(char symbol); bool IsClosed(char symbol); bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol); int main() { // declare variables char expression[120]; char openSymbol; int index=0; bool balanced = true; StackListType<char> stack; // this is the stack declaration // obtain data from the user using a char array cout <<"Enter an expression and press ENTER. "<<endl; cin.getline(expression,sizeof(expression)); cout << "\nThe expression: " << expression; // loop thru the char array until we reach the 'NULL' character // and while 'balanced' == true while (expression[index]!='\0' && balanced) { // if input is an "open bracket" push onto stack // else, process info if (IsOpen(expression[index])) { stack.Push(expression[index]); } else if (IsClosed(expression[index])) { if(stack.IsEmpty()) { balanced = false; } else { openSymbol = stack.Top(); stack.Pop(); balanced = IsWellFormed(openSymbol, expression[index]); } } ++index; } if (balanced && stack.IsEmpty()) { cout << " is well formed..." << endl; } else { cout << " is NOT well formed!!! " << endl; } }// End of Main bool IsOpen(char symbol) { if ((symbol == '(') || (symbol == '{') || (symbol == '[')) { return true; } else { return false; } }// End of IsOpen bool IsClosed(char symbol) { if ((symbol == ')') || (symbol == '}') || (symbol == ']')) { return true; } else { return false; } }// End of IsClosed bool IsWellFormed(char openSymbol, char closeSymbol) { return (((openSymbol == '(') && closeSymbol == ')') || ((openSymbol == '{') && closeSymbol == '}') || ((openSymbol == '[') && closeSymbol == ']')); }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compile four separate times to display different output)
====== RUN 1 ======Enter an expression and press ENTER.
((
The expression: (( is NOT well formed!!!====== RUN 2 ======
Enter an expression and press ENTER.
(a{b[]}c)The expression: (a{b[]}c) is well formed...
====== RUN 3 ======
Enter an expression and press ENTER.
[(7 * 28) - 1987]The expression: [(7 * 28) - 1987] is well formed...
====== RUN 4 ======
Enter an expression and press ENTER.
{3 + [2 / 3] - (9 + 18) * 12)The expression: {3 + [2 / 3] - (9 + 18) * 12) is NOT well formed!!!
C++ || Snippet – How To Read & Write Data From A User Specified Text File
This page will consist of a demonstration of a simple quadratic formula program, which highlights the use of the input/output mechanisms of manipulating a text file. This program is very similar to an earlier snippet which was presented on this site, but in this example, the user has the option of choosing which file they want to manipulate. This program also demonstrates how to read in data from a file (numbers), manipulate that data, and output new data into a different text file.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET
Fstream
Ifstream
Ofstream
Working With Files
C_str() - Convert A String To Char Array Equivalent
Getline - String Version
Note: The data file that is used in this example can be downloaded here.
Also, in order to read in the data .txt file, you need to save the .txt file in the same directory (or folder) as your .cpp file is saved in. If you are using Visual C++, this directory will be located in
Documents > Visual Studio 2010 > Projects > [Your project name] > [Your project name]
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#include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include <cmath> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; int main() { // declare variables // char fileName[80]; string fileName; ifstream infile; ofstream outfile; double a=0,b=0,c=0; double root1=0, root2=0; // get the name of the file from the user cout << "Please enter the name of the file: "; getline(cin, fileName); // ^ you could also use a character array instead // of a string. Your getline declaration would look // like this: // --------------------------------------------- // cin.getline(fileName,80); // this opens the input file // NOTE: you need to convert the string to a // char array using the function "c_str()" infile.open(fileName.c_str()); // ^ if you used a char array as the file name instead // of a string, the declaration to open the file // would look like this: // --------------------------------------------- // infile.open(fileName); // check to see if the file even exists, & if not then EXIT if(infile.fail()) { cout<<"nError, the input file could not be found!n"; exit(1); } // this opens the output file // if the file doesnt already exist, it will be created outfile.open("OUTPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt"); // this loop reads in data until there is no more // data contained in the file while(infile.peek() != EOF) { // this assigns the incoming data to the // variables 'a', 'b' and 'c' // NOTE: it is just like a cin >> statement infile>> a >> b>> c; // NOTE: if you want to read data into an array // your declaration would be like this // ------------------------------------ // infile>> a[counter] >> b[counter] >> c[counter]; // ++counter; } // this does the quadratic formula calculations root1 = ((-b) + sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a); root2 = ((-b) - sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a); // this displays the numbers to screen via cout cout <<"For the numbersna = "<<a<<"nb = "<<b<<"nc = "<<c<<endl; cout <<"nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl; // this saves the data to the output file // NOTE: its almost exactly the same as the cout statement outfile <<"For the numbersna = "<<a<<"nb = "<<b<<"nc = "<<c<<endl; outfile <<"nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl; // close the input/output files once you are done using them infile.close(); outfile.close(); // stops the program from automatically closing cout<<"nPress ENTER to continue..."; cin.get(); return 0; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
Please enter the name of the file: INPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txtFor the numbers
a = 2
b = 4
c = -16root 1 = 2
root 2 = -4Press ENTER to continue...
C++ || Class & Input/Output – Display The Contents Of A User Specified Text File To The Screen
The following is another intermediate homework assignment which was presented in a C++ programming course. This program was assigned to introduce more practice using the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Header Files - How To Use Them
Class - What Is It?
How To Read Data From A File
String - Getline
Array - Cin.Getline
Strcpy - Copy Contents Of An Array
#Define
This program first prompts the user to input a file name. After it obtains a file name from the user, it then attempts to display the contents of the user specified file to the output screen. If the file could not be found, an error message appears. If the file is found, the program continues as normal. After the file contents finishes being displayed, a summary indicating the total number of lines which has been read is also shown to the screen.
This program was implemented into 3 different files (two .cpp files, and one header file .h). So the code for this program will be broken up into 3 sections, the main file (.cpp), the header file (.h), and the implementation of the functions within the header file (.cpp).
Note: The data file that is used in this example can be downloaded here.
Also, in order to read in the data .txt file, you need to save the .txt file in the same directory (or folder) as your .cpp file is saved in. If you are using Visual C++, this directory will be located in
Documents > Visual Studio 2010 > Projects > [Your project name] > [Your project name]
======== FILE #1 – Main.cpp ========
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// ============================================================================ // File: Main.cpp // ============================================================================ // This program tests the "CFileDisp" object. It prompts the user for an input // filename, then attempts to display the contents of that file to stdout. // After the file contents have been displayed, a summary line indicating the // total number of lines that have been displayed is written to stdout. // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include "CFileDisp.h" using namespace std; // ==== main ================================================================== // // ============================================================================ int main() { CFileDisp myFile; char fname[MAX_LENGTH]; int numLines; // get the filename from the user cout << "Enter a filename: "; cin.getline(fname, MAX_LENGTH); // copy the user's filename into the file object myFile.SetFilename(fname); // have the object open the file myFile.OpenFile(); // if all is good and well... if(myFile.IsValid()==true) { numLines = myFile.DisplayFileContents(); // close the file myFile.CloseFile(); // write how many lines were displayed to stdout cout << "nt*** Total lines displayed: " << numLines << endl; } return 0; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
======== FILE #2 – CFileDisp.h ========
Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the Main.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.
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// ============================================================================ // File: CFileDisp.h // ============================================================================ // This is the header file which declares the objects which are used to open // a text file and display its contents to stdout. // ============================================================================ #ifndef CFILE_DISP_HEADER #define CFILE_DISP_HEADER #include <fstream> using namespace std; #define MAX_LENGTH 256 class CFileDisp { public: // constructor CFileDisp(); // member functions void SetFilename(char newFilename[]); /* Purpose: Copy the user's filename into the file object */ void OpenFile(); /* Purpose: Open's the file which is specified by the user */ bool IsValid(); /* Purpose: Checks if the file exists. Post: Returns false if file cannot be found */ int DisplayFileContents(); /* Purpose: Display's the file contents to stdout Post: Returns the total number of lines contained in the file */ void CloseFile(); /* Purpose: Closes the file */ // destructor ~CFileDisp(); private: bool m_bIsValid; char m_filename[MAX_LENGTH]; ifstream m_inFile; }; #endif // CFILE_DISP_HEADER // http://programmingnotes.org/ |
======== FILE #3 – CFileDisp.cpp ========
This is the function implementation file for the CFileDisp.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “CFileDisp.h”
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// ============================================================================ // File: CFileDisp.cpp // ============================================================================ // This file implements the functions which are declared in the CFileDisp // class, which is located in CFileDisp.h // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <cstring> #include <string> #include "CFileDisp.h" using namespace std; CFileDisp::CFileDisp() { m_bIsValid = 0; }// end of CFileDisp void CFileDisp::SetFilename(char newFilename[]) { strcpy(m_filename,newFilename); }// end of SetFilename void CFileDisp::OpenFile() { m_inFile.open(m_filename); }// end of OpenFile bool CFileDisp::IsValid() { if (m_inFile.fail()) { cout << m_filename << " was not found...nn"; return false; } else { return true; } }// end of IsValid int CFileDisp::DisplayFileContents() { int total=0; string inLine; cout << endl; while(getline(m_inFile, inLine)) { cout << inLine << endl; ++total; } return total; }// end of DisplayFileContents void CFileDisp::CloseFile() { m_inFile.close(); }// end of CloseFile // this is the destructor CFileDisp::~CFileDisp() { m_bIsValid = 0; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
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Enter a filename: input_file_display_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt 346 130 982 90 656 117 595 415 948 126 4 558 571 87 42 360 412 721 463 47 119 441 190 985 214 509 2 571 77 81 681 651 995 93 74 310 9 995 561 92 14 288 466 664 892 8 766 34 639 151 64 98 813 67 834 369 This is a line of text! *** Total lines displayed: 10 |
C++ || Class – Roman Numeral To Integer & Integer To Roman Numeral Conversion
The following is another homework assignment which was presented in a C++ Data Structures course. This program was assigned in order to practice the use of the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM
Header Files - How To Use Them
Class - What Is It?
Do/While Loop
Passing a Value By Reference
Roman Numerals - How Do You Convert To Decimal?
Online Roman Numeral Converter - Check For Correct Results
This is an interactive program in which the user has the option of selecting from 7 modes of operation. Of those modes, the user has the option of entering in roman numerals for conversion, entering in decimal numbers for conversion, displaying the recently entered number, and finally converting between roman or decimal values.
A sample of the menu is as followed:
(Where the user would enter numbers 1-7 to select a choice)
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From the following menu: 1. Enter a Decimal number 2. Enter a Roman Numeral 3. Convert from Decimal to Roman 4. Convert from Roman to Decimal 5. Print the current Decimal number 6. Print the current Roman Numeral 7. Quit Please enter a selection: |
This program was implemented into 3 different files (two .cpp files, and one header file .h). So the code for this program will be broken up into 3 sections, the main file (.cpp), the header file (.h), and the implementation of the functions within the header file (.cpp).
======== FILE #1 – Menu.cpp ========
NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> in order for the code to compile.
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// ============================================================================ // File: Menu.cpp // Purpose: Converts a number enetered in Decimal to Roman Numeral and a // Roman Numeral to a Decimal Number // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> #include "ClassRomanType.h" using namespace std; // function prototypes void DisplayMenu(); int GetCommand(int command); void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject); int main() { int command=7; // Holds which action the user chooses to make ClassRomanType romanObject; // Gives access to the class do{ DisplayMenu(); command = GetCommand(command); RunChoice(command, romanObject); cout<<"n--------------------------------------------------------------------n"; }while(command!=7); cout<<"nBye!n"; return 0; }// End of main void RunChoice(int command, ClassRomanType& romanObject) {// Function: Execute the choice selected from the menu // declare private variables int decimalNumber=0; // Holds decimal value char romanNumeral[150]; //Holds value of roman numeral // execute the desired choice cout <<"ntYou selected choice #"<<command<<" which will: "; switch(command) { case 1: cout << "Get Decimal Numbernn"; cout <<"Enter a Decimal Number: "; cin >> decimalNumber; romanObject.GetDecimalNumber(decimalNumber); break; case 2: cout << "Get Roman Numeralnn"; cout <<"nEnter a Roman Numeral: "; cin >> romanNumeral; romanObject.GetRomanNumeral(romanNumeral); break; case 3: cout << "Convert from Decimal to Romannn"; romanObject.ConvertDecimalToRoman(); cout<<"Running....nComplete!n"; break; case 4: cout << "Convert from Roman to Decimalnn"; romanObject.ConvertRomanToDecimal(); cout<<"Running....nComplete!n"; break; case 5: cout << "Print the current Decimal numbernn"; cout<<"n The current Roman to Decimal Value is: "; cout << romanObject.ReturnDecimalNumber()<<endl; break; case 6: cout << "Print the current Roman Numeralnn"; cout<<"n The current Decimal to Roman Value is: "; cout << romanObject.ReturnRomanNumber()<<endl; break; case 7: cout << "Quitnn"; break; default: cout << "nError, you entered an invalid command!nPlease try again..."; break; } }//End of RunChoice int GetCommand(int command) {// Function: Gets choice from menu cout <<"nPlease enter a selection: "; cin>> command; return command; }// End of GetCommand void DisplayMenu() {// Function: Displays menu cout <<"From the following menu:n"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"1."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Enter a Decimal number"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"2."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Enter a Roman Numeral"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"3."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Convert from Decimal to Roman"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"4."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Convert from Roman to Decimal"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"5."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Print the current Decimal number"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"6."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Print the current Roman Numeral"<<endl; cout <<left<<setw(2)<<"7."<<left<<setw(15)<<" Quit"<<endl; }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
======== FILE #2 – ClassRomanType.h ========
Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the Menu.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.
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// ============================================================================ // File: ClassRomanType.h // Purpose: Header file for Roman Numeral conversion. It contains all // declarations and prototypes for the class members to carry out the // conversion // ============================================================================ #include <string> using namespace std; class ClassRomanType { public: ClassRomanType(); /* Function: constructor initializes class variables to "0" Precondition: none Postcondition: defines private variables */ // member functions void GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber); /* Function: gets decimal number Precondition: none Postcondition: Gets arabic number from user */ void GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]); /* Function: gets roman numeral Precondition: none Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */ void ConvertDecimalToRoman(); /* Function: converts decimal number to ronman numeral Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known Postcondition: Gets roman numeral from user */ void ConvertRomanToDecimal(); /* Function: converts roman numeral to arabic number Precondition: arabic and roman numeral characters should be known Postcondition: Gets decimal number from user */ int ReturnDecimalNumber(); /* Function: displays converted decimal number Precondition: the converted roman numeral to decimal number Postcondition: displays decimal number to user */ string ReturnRomanNumber(); /* Function: displays converted roman numeral Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral Postcondition: displays roman numeral to user */ ~ClassRomanType(); /* Function: destructor used to return memory to the system Precondition: the converted decimal number to roman numeral Postcondition: none */ private: char m_romanValue[150]; // An array holding the roman value within the class int m_decimalValue; // Holds the final output answer of the roman to decimal conversion }; // http://programmingnotes.org/ |
======== FILE #3 – RomanType.cpp ========
This is the function implementation file for the ClassRomanType.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “ClassRomanType.h”
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// ============================================================================ // File: RomanType.cpp // Purpose: Contains the implementation of the class members for the // roman numeral conversion // // *NOTE*: Uncomment cout statements to visualize whats happening // ============================================================================ #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstring> #include "ClassRomanType.h" using namespace std; ClassRomanType::ClassRomanType() { m_decimalValue=0; strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined"); }// end of ClassRomanType void ClassRomanType:: GetDecimalNumber(int decimalNumber) { m_decimalValue = decimalNumber; }// end of GetDecimalNumber void ClassRomanType:: GetRomanNumeral(char romanNumeral[]) { strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral); }// end of GetRomanNumeral void ClassRomanType:: ConvertDecimalToRoman() { strcpy(m_romanValue,""); // erases any previous data int numericValue[]={1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1,0}; char *romanNumeral[]={"M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L" ,"XL","X","IX","V","IV","I",0}; for (int x=0; numericValue[x] > 0; ++x) { //cout<<endl<<numericValue[x]<<endl; while (m_decimalValue >= numericValue[x]) { //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl; //cout<<"current numericValue = "<<numericValue[x]<<endl<<endl; if(strlen(m_romanValue)==0) { strcpy(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]); } else { strcat(m_romanValue,romanNumeral[x]); } m_decimalValue -= numericValue[x]; } } }// end of ConvertDecimalToRoman void ClassRomanType:: ConvertRomanToDecimal() { int currentNumber = 0; // Holds value of each letter numerical value int previousNumber = 0; // Holds the numerical value being compared m_decimalValue=0; // Resets the current 'romanToDecimalValue' to zero if(strcmp(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined")!=0) { for (int counter = strlen(m_romanValue)-1; counter >= 0; counter--) { if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'M') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'm')) { currentNumber = 1000; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'D') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'd')) { currentNumber = 500; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'C') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'c')) { currentNumber = 100; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'L') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'l')) { currentNumber = 50; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'X') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'x')) { currentNumber = 10; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'V') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'v')) { currentNumber = 5; } else if ((m_romanValue[counter] == 'I') || (m_romanValue[counter] == 'i')) { currentNumber = 1; } else { currentNumber = 0; } //cout<<"previousNumber = " <<previousNumber<<endl; //cout<<"currentNumber = " <<currentNumber<<endl; if (previousNumber > currentNumber) { m_decimalValue -= currentNumber; previousNumber = currentNumber; } else { m_decimalValue += currentNumber; previousNumber = currentNumber; } //cout<<"current m_decimalValue = " <<m_decimalValue<<endl<<endl; } } }// end of ConvertRomanToDecimal int ClassRomanType::ReturnDecimalNumber() { return m_decimalValue; }// end of ReturnDecimalNumber string ClassRomanType::ReturnRomanNumber() { return m_romanValue; }// end of ReturnRomanNumber ClassRomanType::~ClassRomanType() { m_decimalValue=0; strcpy(m_romanValue,"Currently Undefined"); }// http://programmingnotes.org/ |
QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.
The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.
Once compiled, you should get this as your output
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 9
You selected choice #9 which will:
Error, you entered an invalid command!
Please try again...
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 5
You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number
The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 6
You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral
The current Decimal to Roman Value is: Currently Undefined
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 1
You selected choice #1 which will: Get Decimal Number
Enter a Decimal Number: 1987
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 5
You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number
The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 1987
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 3
You selected choice #3 which will: Convert from Decimal to Roman
Running....
Complete!
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 6
You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral
The current Decimal to Roman Value is: MCMLXXXVII
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 2
You selected choice #2 which will: Get Roman Numeral
Enter a Roman Numeral: mMxiI
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 6
You selected choice #6 which will: Print the current Roman Numeral
The current Decimal to Roman Value is: mMxiI
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 4
You selected choice #4 which will: Convert from Roman to Decimal
Running....
Complete!
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 5
You selected choice #5 which will: Print the current Decimal number
The current Roman to Decimal Value is: 2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------
From the following menu:1. Enter a Decimal number
2. Enter a Roman Numeral
3. Convert from Decimal to Roman
4. Convert from Roman to Decimal
5. Print the current Decimal number
6. Print the current Roman Numeral
7. QuitPlease enter a selection: 7
You selected choice #7 which will: Quit
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bye!
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